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1 Gardiner, "Leviticus", Lange Commentary, p.202.

2 Noth, Leviticus, p.203; Snaith, Leviticus and Numbers, p.174; Rolf Rendtorff, The Old Testament : An Introduction, (Fortress, 1986), p.146杭C

3 R.K. Harrison, Introduction to The Old Testament, p.598.

4 Childs, Introduction to the Old Testamet as Scripture, p.182; Harrison, Introduction to the Old Testament, p.590.

5 Gardiner op. cit.; ¤B¨}¤~¡A§Q¥¼记ª`释¡A总论²Ä¥î页¡CNoordtzij, Leviticus, p.4; Keil, Pentateuch vol. 2, p.479; »C辅¥Á¡A§Q¥¼记讲义¡Ap. 3.

6 马¦³Ä¦¡A旧约·§论¡Ap.30

7 Hertz, Pentateuch and Haftorahs, p.547; Harrison, Leviticus, p.235; 韩©Ó¨}认为¡u¬O¦Ø¤»¡X¤C³¹ªºªþ录¡v¡A¦Ø¥¼纪释义¡Ap.225.

8 Wenham, Leviticus, p.336; Hamilton, Handbook to the Pentateuch, p.308.

 

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10 Horsleyªº·N见¡A¤Þ¦ÛGardiner, "Leviticus", p.200, n.1.

11 I. Mendelsohn, Slavery in The Ancient Near East, (Oxford University Press, 1949) pp.117-118.

12 Ibid; 罗兰¼w´I(de Vaux)¡A¥j经¤§风«U¤Î¨å³¹¨î«×¡App.94-95.

 

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13 ¤B¨}¤~¡A§Q¥¼记ª`释¡Ap.208

14 de Vaux, Ancient Israel, p.168, "According to Lv 27: 16 the value of a field is calculated at fifty shekels for every h]omer of barley produced," ¥Ð¦a¨C¥X产¤@贺±öÒ­ªº¤j麦¦ôɲ»Ý¥I¤­¤QªÙ«È°Ç¡A¦ý这书¤¤¤åª©却错误¦a½译为»Ý­n¤@¡u²üÀq尔¡v麦Ïú¼½Ïúªº¥Ð¦a¡A¦ôɲ为¤­¤Q银协¨è¦Õ¡]罗兰¼w´I¡A¥j经¤§风«U¤Î¨å³¹¨î«×¡Ap.223.¡^

15 R.P. Maloney, CBQ 36, (1974): 4-5.

 

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16 罗兰¼w´I¡A¥j经¤§风«U¤Î¨å³¹¨î«×¡App.273-276.

17 学ªÌ对Éo©ÒªºªÙ«È°Çªº实际­«¶q¦³¤£¦P·N见¡ANoordtzij, Leviticus, p.278, 认为¬O14.5§J¡F证¥DÉo经¤â册¡Ap.104, 认为¬O11§J¡F读经辅辑¡A认为¬O11.4§J¡FWenham, Leviticus, p.314, 认为¬O12§J¡F韩©Ó¨}¡A¦Ø¥¼纪释义¡Ap.227, 却认为¬O13§J¡C

 

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19 J.J. Davis, Paradise to Prison, (Baker, 1975), p.217; C. Westermann, Genesis 12-36(Augsburg, 1985) pp.357-358.

20 G.L. Archer, Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties, (Zondervan 1982), p.96.

21 参ª`19¡B20.

22 J.J. Davis, Conquest and Crisis, (Baker, 1969), pp.124-128; ¦ÓC.J. Goslinga, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, (Zondervan, 1986) pp.391-396¦³«D±`«È观©M详细ªº讨论¡C

 

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(3)旧约经¤å¤è­±¡A°£¤F·q«ô条¨Òªº¤Q¤À¤@«ü¥Ü¥~¡A¨ä¥¦经¤åÉOªñ东ªº资®Æ¤@样¡A¬O¬Fªv©M经济©Êªº±¹¬I¡C亚§B©Ô¨u¦bÐ`§Q¦Z将¤Q¤À¤@©^给麦°ò¬~¼w¡]创¤Q¥|18-20¡^¡A虽µM麦°ò¬~¼w¬O¤@¦ì²½¥q¡A¦ý¥L¤]¬O¤@¦ì§g¤ý¡AÉo经´y­z麦°ò¬~¼w¥ý´£¥L¬O¤ý¡AµM¦Z¤~说¥L¬O²½¥q¡A显¥Ü创¥@记ªº­«点¬O§Î®e麦°ò¬~¼w§g¤ýªº¬Fªv©Ê¦a¦ì¡C©Ò¥H亚§B©Ô¨u给¥L¤Q¤À¤§¤@¡A¤£¯à说¬O©^献¡C¶®¦U´¿说­n将¤Q¤À¤@献给¯«¡]创¤Ü¤K22¡^¡A¦ý¶®¦U¬O将¤Q¤À¤@许º@¡A¦Z来¥L为¯«设坛还º@¡]创¤Ê¤­1-8¡^¡A©Ò¥H这¬O属¤_¥»³¹«e¥b¬q许º@ªº条¨Ò­S围¡A¦Ó¤£¥i¥H§@为¤Q¤À¤@ªº¨Ò¤l¡C¼»¥À¦Õ¦b¥H¦â¦C¥H­W­W­n¨D¥ß¤ý时¡A²M·¡§i诉¥L们¡A将来ªº¤ý¦b§A们ªº粮­¹©M¸²µå园©Ò¥Xªº¡A¥L¥²¨ú¤Q¤À¤§¤@¡K¡K§A们ªº¦Ïúó¥L¥²¨ú¤Q¤À¤§¤@¡]¼»¤W¤K15¡B17¡^¡A²@无ºÃ问¡A这¨½ªº¤Q¤À¤§¤@¬O©º税纳粮¡Cªü¼¯¥q´£¨ì为¤ý³Îµæ¡]¼¯¤C1¡^¡A¬Ý来¬O«ü¥H¦â¦C¤H将农§@ª«³¡¥÷ªº¦¬¦¨°e给¤ý§@类¦ü¤Q¤À¤§¤@ªº纳粮¡C¦Ó¦b¥H¦è结ªºÉݶH¤¤¡A将来ªº²z·Q§g¤ý¥²±µ¨ü¤Q¤À¤@ªº进贡¡]结¥|¤Q¤­7-17¡^¡A虽µM这¤ý²@无ºÃ问¬O«ü¥½¤é将来ªº弥赛亚¡A¦ý这ÉݶH却¥Î¬Fªv©Êªº词¥y´y­z¡A©Ò¥H¤Q¤À¤@´N¬O¦V¤ý¥æ税¡C¦b³Q掳归¦^ªº时´Á¡A¥§§Æ¦Ì将¤Q¤À¤@¦¬¤J库©Ð¡A¦C¤J为¨C¦~®½给Éo·µ¨Ï¥Îªº费¥Î¡]¥§¤Q32¡B37¡^¡C¬JµM¤Q¤À¤@¦b«ßªk书¥~°ò¥»ªº·N义¬O¤½¥Á¦V§g¤ý¬F©²ªº缴税责¥ô¡A©Ò¥H¦b³Ì´¶¹M©M©ú显±Ð导¤Q¤À¤@ªº玛¤T8-10¡A称©I¤Q¤À¤@为当纳ªº¡A¦Ó¤£ªÖ将¤Q¤À¤@¥þµM°e¤J仓库´N¬O夺¨ú¯«ªºª«¡A这样¬Ý来¡A玛©Ô°ò¥ýª¾¦}«D¬Ý¤Q¤À¤@为«H®{称©Iªº©^献¡C

 

23 M. Jastrow, The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, (1898) p.668.

24 罗兰¼w´I¡A¥j经¤§风«U¤Î¨å³¹¨î«×¡Ap.183.

 

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°£¤F¨C¦~献¤W¤Q¤À¤§¤G¡A¨ä¤¤¤Q¤À¤§¤@为§Q¥¼¤H¡A¤Q¤À¤§¤@为¦u节¤§¥Î¥H¥~¡A§A们­n¦b²Ä¤T¦~­n献¤W²Ä¤T个¤Q¤À¤§¤@给贫穷¤H©M©t¤I¹è妇¡CªG¤l¤]¬O­n¤@样¤À°t¡A§âªì¼ôªº®³¨ìÉo·µ¡A赞¬ü¯«赐¤U¤g¦a为业¡A献¤F²½¡A¨D¯«赐ºÖ这¦a¤g¤§¦Z¡A«K将ªG¤l献给²½¥q¡C¤H­Y办§¹¤F这¨Ç¨Æ¡A¤]献¤W¤F¤Q¤À¤§¤@¡A¥L¦^®a¤§«e¡A­n¯¸¦bÉo©Ò¦V¯«·P®¦¡A¦]为¯«±Ï§A们¥X®J¤Î©M赐¦n¤g¦a¨Ï§A们¥i¥H¨É¨ü¨ä¤¤ªºªG¤l¡C§A们­n¤½开ªí¥Ü¥L¤w献¤W¤Q¤À¤§¤@©M¨ä¥¦²½ª«¡A¦}¨D¯«¥Ã远¥H·O爱®¦´f«Ý¥L©M¤@¤Á§Æ§B来¤H¡A¤£单¥u«O¦s¥L现¦b¦³ªº¡A§ó­n¦h¦h¥[给§A们¡C

ªñ¥N学ªÌ¥]®æ纳(Joseph M. Baumgarter)认为¤Q¤À¤@  ƒâƒÓƒuƒËƒÍƒÝƒu ma`sar®Ú¥»¤£¬O¤@个¦Ê¤À¤ñªº数¥Ø¡A¦Ó¬O举²½ªº¤@个¦W称¡A28¥Á¤Q¤K24说¤Q¤À¤@´N¬O献给­C©M华为举²½ªº¡A¥N¤U¤Ê¤@12¨Ñª«©M¤Q¤À¨ú¤@¤§ª«参·Ó¦P³¹²Ä5¡B6节¡A¥u´£¤Q¤À¤§¤@¡A¥i见§Æ§B来¤å©M ƒçƒÍ w#  ¬O¸Ñ释ªº缀¨t¦r(copulative explicativum)¡A29说©ú¥»节ªº¨Ñª«¤D«ü¤Q¤À¤@¡C¤C¤Q¤h译¥»¤]将¤Q¤À¤@§@献²½ªº称©I¡A¼»¤W¤@21§ÆÛK¤åªº译¤å¦b¦V­C©M华献¦~²½¦}还©Ò许ªºº@¤§¦Z¥[¤W§Y¡] ƒÛƒÑƒÙ ©Î§@©M30¡^¥L©Ò¦³¤g产ªº¤Q¤À¤@¡C©Ò¥H玛©Ô°ò书¤T8将¤Q¤À¤@©M举²½¡]©M¦X¥»当献ªº¨Ñª«ªº§Æ§B来¤å ƒØƒÝƒ«ƒÇƒâƒäƒÍ t#ru^ma{h ¡A¤¤¤å³q±`½译为举²½¡^¦}¦C¡A¦Ó©M ƒçƒÍ ¤]¥i¯à¦P样¬O¸Ñ释ªº缀¦r¡A说©ú¤Q¤À¤@§Y举²½ªº¥t¤@¦W称¡CPhilo31©M约·æ¤Ò32¤Ï¬M这实¦b¬O犹¤Ó传统ªº·N见¡C

¦Ü¤_数¥Ø¤è­±¡A邓©s®í(M.A. Dandamajew)详细将¤Q¤À¤@¤Ú¤ñ伦¤å献¬Ûµ¥ªº税®½ es%ru/es%re{tu ¤ñ较¡A«ü¥X这¦W词¬O¤@个税项ªº¦W称¡A©º¦¬¶W过¦Ê¤À¤§¤Qªº数¥Ø¡A33¨F劳®³(E. Salonen)进¤@¨B补¥R苏Àq(Sumerian)ªº资®Æ¡A强调©Ò谓¤Q¤À¤@ªº数¥Ø¤D«ö阶级°ª§C¦Ó缴¥I¤£¦Pªº数¥Ø¡A34©Ò¥H»C计ÉE(H. Jagersma)认为旧约ªº¤Q¤À¤@¤]¬O¬Û¦Pªº±¡况¡A¼»¤W¤K11-17ªº¤Q¤À¤@¬O©º­«税ªº·N«ä¡A数¥Ø¥²©w¶W过¦Ê¤À¤§¤Q¡C35

 

25 J. Ridderbos, Deuteronomy, (Zondervan, 1984), p.180; P.C. Craigie, The Book of Deuteronomy, p.232.

26 ­ð¦ö¤§¡A¿¬µ¾¡]¥Ó©R记¬ã读¡^¡]证¹D¡A1983¡^, p.69.

27 请参¦Ò­ð¦ö¤§¡A爱ÉO责¡]°ò¹D¡A1982¡^, pp.79-80.

28 Joseph M. Baumgarter, "On The Non-Literal Use of ?? MA'AS*ER/DE- ?? KATE", JBL 103(1984): 245-261.

29 GK ¡±154 a note(b).

30 §ÆÛK¤å ƒ¯ƒ¯ƒnƒÛƒÑƒÙƒnƒn¥i¥H¦³ú¦§Æ§B来¤åƒçƒÍ waw¸Ñ释ªº缀¨t¦rexplanatoryªº¬Û¦P¥\¥Î¡F参·s约§ÆÛK¤å¤¤¤å词¨å¡Ap.311¡]¤E¡^.

31 De Virtutibus 95; De Specialibus 1. 156; ­^¤å½译¥i参F.H. Colson, Philo, (Harvard University Press, 1960).

32 犹¤Ó¥j¥v¡A¨÷¥|4.3; 8.8, 22.

33 M.A. Dandamajew, "Der Tempelzehnte in Babylonien ?? wa/hrend ?? des 6-4. Jh. v. uZ", ?? Beitra/ge zur Alten Geschichte und deren Nachleben, Festschrift  fu/r  Franz Altheim 1, (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1969)82-90.

34 E. Salonen, "Ueber den Zehnten in alten Mesopotamien", Studia Orientalia XLIII: 4(Helsinki, 1972): 43.

35 H. Jagersma, "The Tithes in the Old Testament", OTS 21(1981): 116-128.

 

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¦Ü¤_来¤C4¥O¤H费¸Ñªº将¦Û¤v©Ò掳来¤Wµ¥¤§ª«¨ú¤Q¤À¤§¤@这¥y¡A¬O©M¦X¥»Â½译ªº问题¡C©Ò掳来¤Wµ¥¤§ª«§ÆÛK¤å¥u¦³¤@个¦r ƒÑƒÚƒÛƒàƒßƒáƒÙƒÞƒÙƒçƒÞ akrothinio{n¡A这¦r¬O¥Ñ­º­n ƒÑƒÚƒÛƒâƒßƒp akros©M°ï栈¤§顶 ƒáƒÙƒp this两¦r组¦¨¡A·N«ä¬O顶¦yÌå«~¡A§¹¥þ没¦³¬O掳ª«ªº§t·N¡A¥¦¬Oªì¼ô¤§ª«ªº¤@个¦W¦r¡C36叙§Q亚译¥»Â½译§@¤Q¤À¤@©Mªì¼ô¤§ª«¡A¤¤¤åªº¤å²z译¥»¬O©Ò获¤§Ìå«~¡A萧静¤sªºÂ½译©M·s旧库译¥»为ɬ¬üªºª««~¡A¦¶宝´f称¥¦为©Ò±oªº¤Wµ¥ª««~¡A这¨Ç½译¤ñ较©M¦X¥»§ó­ãÚÌ¡A¤£会¤Þ­P释经ªº¯«学问题¡C©Ò¥H虽µMÉo经没¦³¦C举亚§B©Ô¨u¤Q¤À¤@ªºª««~¡A¦ý¥L¥Î¦Û¤v©Ò¦³ªº¡A¦}¥B¬O³Ìɬ¬üªºª««~®³来©^献¡A¦¨为©^献¤Q¤À¤@ªº¤@个­«­n±Ð训¡C

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¥Á数记¤Q¤K³¹21-32节°£¤F说©ú¤Q¤À¤@¥Øªº¬O¹S²½¥q©M§Q¥¼¤H¨Æ©^­C©M华ªº¨¯劳¥~¡A¤]¸Ñ释¤Q¤À¤@¬O¤À别为Éoªº¡A献给­C©M华为举²½¡]24¡B26¡B28¡B29节¡^¡A³Ì­«­n«ü¥X¤Q¤À¤@ªº­«点¡A¤£¦b¥G¶q¦Ó¬O质¡A­n将¦Ü¦nªº举°_¡]28¡B32节¡^¡C¯à够献¤W³Ì¦nªº¡Aª««~ªº类别¦¨为¦¸­n¡A这¤Q¤À¤@´Nºâ为场¤WªºâB©M满°sîʪº°s¡]27节¡^¡A°s¦b§Q¥¼记ªº«ü¥Ü没¦³´£¤Î¡A¥i见¤Q¤À¤@¦}¤£ú¦­«¶q©MÏú类¡A¥D­n¬O将劳¤O±o来ªº诚·N¦a©^¤W¡A­Y«D¥X¤_¥Ì¤ß¡A¥u为¼Å­l¡A这¤Q¤À¤@¤Ï¦Ó¦¨为亵渎ªº¦æ动¡A¨Ï¤H担¸o¡]32节¡^¡C

¥Ó©R记¤Q¤G³¹1-19节¬O经过¥|¤Q¦~旷³¥飘¬y¦Z¡A­ã备进¨ú­{«n¦a时¡A¯««ü¥Ü¥H¦â¦C¦b应许¤§¦a¦w©~¦Zªº«H¥õ¥Í¬¡³¡¥÷¡C¥Í¬¡¤è¦¡©M环¹ÒÉO§Q¥¼记¦b¦è¤D¤s¤U©Î¥Á数记ªº旷³¥飘¬y±¡况®tÉÝ¡A¯«对¤Q¤À¤@ªº«ü¥Ü¬Û应¤]¦³¨Ç­×§ï¡C¦b«~Ïú¤è­±¡A°£¤F¤­âB©M·s°s¥~¡A¤]´£¨ìªo¡]17节¡^¡A¦Ó¦a点¤è­±¡A¦pªG­C©M华©Ò选择­n¥ßÍ¢¦Wªº¦a¤è¶ZÖÃ远ªº话¡A¥i¥H¦b©Ò¦íªº¦a¤èÉO®a¤H¡B¤²±A©M§Q¥¼¤H¤@¦P¤À¨É¡A强调ªº¬O¦b­C©M华§A¯«­±«e欢乐¡]18节¡^¡A¥Ì¤ß乐·N¤ñ«ç样©M¨º¨Ç©Î¦h¤Ö§ó­«­n¡C

¦b旧约历¥v书¤¤¡A虽µM¥u¦³¤@¦¸记载¡A§Æ¦è®a¤ýªº©v±ÐÎ`兴¤¤¡A§h©J¦¬¨ú¤Q¤À¤@¡]¥N¤U¤Ê¤@5-19¡^¡A¦ý¦Û从¤júÒ开©l¡AÉo·µªº»Ý¥Î¤w¥Ñ¤ý库负责¡A©Ò¥H¤Q¤À¤@¤j·§¬O¬F©²税¦¬ªº¤@项¡A数¶q¤]¤£¥²¬O个¤H¦¬¤Jªº¦Ê¤À¤§¤Q¡A¥i¯à¦b¬F库税¦¬¤¤«öÉo·µ©Ò»Ý拨¥X¤@个¦Ê¤À²v¡C§Æ¦è®a时ªº¤Q¤À¤@¦³¤@¨Ç¯S别ªº¦a¤è¡A«~Ïú¤è­±¡A°£¤F¥H«e经¤å¦C举ªºª««~¥~¡A还¥[²K»eªº¤@个项¥Ø¡C¦Ü¤_数¶q¤è­±¡A¥²©w¶W过¦Ê¤À¤§¤Q¡A¦]为¥H¦â¦C¤H¥æ来ªº¤Q¤À¤@¬O¦h¦h°e来¡K¡K°e来ªºÌå¦h¡K¡K积¦¨°ï栈¡K¡K³Ñ¤Uªº¬Æ¦h¡K¡K³Ñ¤Uªº¤~这样¤¥²±¡]5¡B7¡B10节¡^¡A©Ò¥H§Æ¦è®a§h©J¦b·µ¨½预备仓©Ð¦¬ÂáA§@Éo·µ经±`经费¡C这¤j·§¬O玛¤T10§h©J­n将当纳ªº¤Q¤À¤@°e¤J仓库ªº­I´º¡C无论¦p¦ó¡A¥»¬q¦P样强调¥L们ªº¤Q¤À¤@¬O诚¤ß©M乐·N献ªº¡]12¡B14节¡^¡A¦Ó§Q¥¼¤Hªº职责´N¬OºÞ²z这¨Ç诚¤ß乐·Nªº¨Ñª«¡]15节¡A©M¦X¥»¨Ñ紧­nªº职¥ô§Æ§B来¤å¥u¬O ƒØƒÞƒ«ƒÇƒÝƒÑƒ® ~#mu^na{h ¡A§Yl2节ªº诚¤ß¡^¡C37这¬qÉo经¦h¦¸说©ú¤Q¤À¤@着­«内¤ß态«×过¤_ª««~质¶q¡C

¦Ü¤_旧约§E¤Uªº¤G处经¤å¡A¥§¤Q37°ò¥»­«Î`¥N¤U¤Ê5-19ªº¨Æ±¡¡A¥u¬OÏú类¤W¥[¤Wªì¼ô麦¤l©Ò¿iªº­±¡C玛¤T8-12¥i说¬O旧约¤Q¤À¤@±Ð导ªº总结¡A这¬q没¦³¦C¥X¥ô¦óª««~¦W称¡A¦ý说©ú¬O当献ªº¨Ñª«©M当纳ªº¡A¦Ü¤_数¶q¤è­±¡A¤]没¦³²M·¡¸Ñ©ú¡A却强调¥²须¥þµM¡A¡u§Y­n¨D¥L们·Ó¯«ªº¦®·N¦Ó纳¡C¡v38

 

36 ·s约§ÆÛK¤å¤¤¤å辞¨å¡Ap. 24; Liddell and Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed.(Oxford University Press, 1940) p.56;A. Barnes, Barne's Note, vol. 9, (Baker, 1949) p.155; Anchor Bible½书§@a tenth of his choice.

37 «ä°ª译¥»§@ª««~¡C

38 陈终¹D¡A¤p¥ýª¾书讲义¡]¤U¡^¡]¤Ñ¹D1984¡^, p.247.

 

4.·s约±Ð训

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­C稣´¿经讲论¤Q¤À¤@¡G§A们将Á¡²ü¡B¯õ­»¡Bªàµæ献¤W¤Q¤À¤§¤@¡A¨º«ßªk¤W§ó­«­nªº¨Æ¡A´N¬O¤½义¡BÌ°悯¡B«H实¤Ï­Ë¤£¦æ¤F¡A这§ó­«ªº¬O§A们当¦æªº¡A¨º¤]¬O¤£¥i¤£¦æªº¡]¤Ó¤Ü¤T23¡^¡C¦ã°ò·s(Archer)«ü¥X¡A¥»节³Ì¦Z¤@¥y¨º¦rªº§ÆÛK¤å¬O众数¡A«ü¥ý«e¦C¥Xªº¨º¨Ç¤Q¤À¤§¤@ªº©^献¬O¥²须¦æªº¡C39©Ò¥H·s译¥»这两¥yªºÂ½译¬O¡G这¨Ç§ó­«­nªº¬O§A们应当§@ªº¡A¦ý¨ä¥¦ªº¤]¤£¥i©¿²¤¡C¦ã°ò·s认为¡A¬JµM­C稣¦b¨ü难«eªº¤L¤Ñ¡A¤´说¥²须¿í¦æ¡A©Ò¥H¤Q¤À¤@¬O«H®{ªº责¥ô¡C¦ý这¤£¥i¤Ó强调¡A¦]为­C稣讨论¤Q¤À¤@ªº¥Øªº¬O§å§P犹¤Ó±Ðªºªk§Q赛¤H¡A¦}¤£¹³µn¤s宝训ªº±Ð训¨º样²M·¡说©ú¬O对«H®{ªº­ì则±Ð训¡C©Ò¥H­C稣¦P·Nªk§Q赛¤H¦æ¤Q¤À¤@¡A¤£µ¥¤_­n¨D«H®{¦P样¿í¦æ¡C¨Ï®{¦æ传­C¸ô¼»§N会议ªº决议¡]®{¤Q¤­28¡^¡A¤£将犹¤Ó¤H旧约ªº«ß¨Ò¦¨为¥~¨¹¤Hªº­«担¡A²M·¡说©ú旧约¤Q¤À¤@ªº条¨Ò¦b·s约ªº±Ð会¤¤¦}¤£Óì¥Î¡C

¦ã°ò·s认为«H®{¥²须¦æ¤Q¤À¤@©^献ªº¥t¤@个论点¡A´N¬O亚§B©Ô¨u¦V麦°ò¬~¼w献¤Q¤À¤@¡C¬JµM亚§B©Ô¨u¬O¦b¼¯¦èªº«ßªk¥H«e¡A亚§B©Ô¨uªº献¤Q¤À¤@´N¤£¬O¦æ旧约«ßªkªº«ü¥Ü¡A´N¬O¶W¶V时¥Nªº­ì则©Êº]样¡C¦n¤ñ¯«¦b®¿亚时¥N§h©J¤H类¤£¥i¦Y带¦åªº¦×¨º©R¥O¡CµM¦Ó将这两¥ó¨Æ±¡¥­µ¥¬Û¤ñ¦}¤£¦X²z¡G²Ä¤@¡B¦Ò虑记载ªº©Ê质¡A¯«对®¿亚ªº应许¡A¬O¥]¬A©R题¦¡ªº启¥Ü¡A对¶H¤£¬O®¿亚个¤H¡A¦Ó¬O关¤_¦a¤W¤@¤Á¦³¦å¦×¤§ª«¡]创¤E17¡^¡A经¤å²M·¡说©ú¬O对¦a¤Wªº¨«兽¡B©ø¦ä¡BªÅ¤¤ªº飞鸟¡B®ü¨½¤@¤Áªº鱼¡B©M¦a¤Wªº¦U¤H¡]创¤E1-6¡^¡A¥H­i为记号ªº约¤£¦ý关¥G¥þ¦a¡A§ó¬O¶W¶V时¥Nªº¥Ã约¡]创¤E12-16¡^¡A©Ò¥H这应许¤¤¤£¥i¦Y¦åªºªþª`¦ÛµM¤]应视为©R题¦¡ªº©R¥O¡C¤Ï观亚§B©Ô¨u献¤Q¤À¤@ªº记载¡A纯ºé¬O旧约ªº叙­z¤å学¡C虽µMÉo经ªº叙­z¤å学¦}«D¥u§@报导©Êªº记载¡A¦ý¤]¤£¯à²@¤£过滤¦a将细节¦p¤Q¤À¤@ª½±µ转¶ù¡A§@为«H®{«H¥õªº©R¥O¡C40创¥@记¤Q¥|³¹没¦³¥ô¦ó·t¥Ü¡A让读ªÌ¤F¸Ñ亚§B©Ô¨u献¤Q¤À¤@¬O¯«´¶¥@©Ê©R¥Oªº«ü¤Þ¡A没¦³¯«ª½±µªº©R¥O¡A¤]没¦³§@ªÌªºª`¸Ñ¡C¦Ó§Æ§B来书¤C³¹¤Þ­z这¨Æ时¡A¥u¥Î来¤Þ证麦°ò¬~¼w²½¥qªºµ¥¨t©M¦a¦ì¡A对献¤Q¤À¤@却¯Ê¤í«H¥õɲ­Èªº评¦ô¡A©Ò¥H亚§B©Ô¨u献¤Q¤À¤@这¨Æ¤£错¬O¦b¼¯¦è«ßªk¤§«e¡A¦ý却¤£¯à视为对«H®{ªº±Ð导º]样¡A´N¦p¶®¦U¥H献¤Q¤À¤@许º@ªº记载¡A¦}¤£­n¨D«H®{·Ó样许º@¡C

²Ä¤G¡B©Ê质¤è­±¡A亚§B©Ô¨u时¥N¤w¦³献²½ªº·§©À¡C¥L´¿经为­C©M华µ®坛¡]创¤Q¤G8-9¡^¡A¬JµM说µ®坛¡A¥²µM¥]¬A¤F献²½ªº¦æ动¡A¦]为这¬Oµ®坛ªº¥Øªº¡C¦Ó¦b¦C¯ª时¥N¡A¤´¥¼启¥Ü²½¥q¨î«×¡A®a长¦Û¦æ献²½¡A实¦b没ªk·Q¶H亚§B©Ô¨u会视¤Q¤À¤@¬O¥æ给²½¥qªº举²½©Î©^献¡C¤Ï¦Ó¥¿¦p¤W¤å©Ò­z¡A亚§B©Ô¨u¥æ¥X¤Q¤À¤@¬O¬Fªv©Êªº¨Ñª«¡A这¤ñ较¬O©v±Ð©Êªº©^献§ó¦X²z¡C¬JµM这¬O¥j¥N¬Fªv©Êªº¦æ动¡A对·s约«H®{¦ÛµM¯Ê¤í约§ô¤O¤F¡C

·s约°£¤F­C稣§å§Pªk§Q赛¤Hªº¨º¬q经¤å¥~¡]¤Ó¤Ü¤T23¡F¸ô¤Q¤@42¡^¡A¥u¦³ªk§Q赛¤H©M税¦Oªº¬è祷¤¤¡A´£¤Î这¬O犹¤Ó¤Hªº习惯¡]¸ô¤Q¤K12¡^¡A©M§Æ§B来书¤C³¹¥Î亚§B©Ô¨u献¤Q¤À¤@给麦°ò¬~¼w§@为°ò·þÉO旧约²½¥q¨î«×ªº¤ñ较¡C·s约¤£´£¤Q¤À¤@41·t¥Ü两个­«­n±Ð训¡G

1.¤Q¤À¤@¥O¤H产¥Í误会¡A¥H为©^献着­«数¶q¡A«D±`®e©ö­«ÁÐ犹¤Ó±ÐÂÐ辙¡A沦为«ßªk¥D义¡A¥H数¶q©M¦æ动评¦ô©^献ªºÉ²­È¡C2.旧约¤Q¤À¤@¬O§@为Éo¤u经费ªº¤@个统称¡A这¬O§@为旧约¥H¦â¦C¤Hªí¥Ü尽责ªº¤@个´£议¡A¦Ó¤£¬O缴¥I¤§实¦b¦Ê¤À¤ñªº数¥Ø¡C¬JµM¯«¦b·s约²M·¡ªí©úÍ¢ªº¤ß·N¡A¬O­n«H®{将¨­Ê^献¤W当§@¬¡²½¡]罗¤Q¤G1¡^¡A«O罗«ü¥X§A¦³¬Æ¤\¤£¬O领¨üªº©O¡]ªL«e¥|7¡^¡A¬JµM¥þ³¡³£¤£¬O¦Û¤v拥¦³ªº¡A´N¤£¯à单¥H¤Q¤À¤@为属¯«¤§ª«¡A¨ä¥¦³£¬O¦Û¤vªº¡C

©Ò¥H论¨ì为Éo¤uªº©^献¡A«O罗说¡G¬O«öú¦¤O¶q¡A¦Ó¥B¤]过¤F¤O¶q¡A¦Û¤v¥Ì¤ß乐·Nªº®½§U¡K¡K·Óú¦¯«ªº¦®·N¡A¥ý§â¦Û¤v献给¥D¡]ªL¦Z¤K3-5¡^¡C¤£错¡A©^献ªº数¥Ø¤£¬O³Ì­«­nªº¦]¯À¡A¦U¤H­n随¥»¤ß©Ò°u©wªº¡A¤£­n§@难¡A¤£­n«j强¡A¦]为®½±o乐·Nªº¤H¡A¬O¯«©Ò³ß爱ªº¡]ªL¦Z¤E7¡^¡CµM¦Ó¡u¤°¤@©^献虽¬O«ßªkªº标­ã¡A«H®{¤£¦b«ßªk¤§¤U¡A¦Ó¦b®¦¨å¤§¤U¡A®¦¨å¤§¤U¡A¥²¦b«ßªk¤§¤W¡C®¦¨åªº标­ã应该¶W过«ßªkªº¡A¦³§ó°ªªº标­ã¤~¦X¥G¯«ªº¤ß·N¡C¡v42

 

39 G.L. Archer, Jr., "Please Explain", Decision, August, 1980, p.14.

40 关¤_旧约叙­z¤å学ªº释经­n点¥i参Gordon D. Fee and Douglas Stuart, How To Read The Bible For All Its Worth, (Zondervan, 1981) pp.73-86; R. de Vaux, "Method in the Study of Early Hebrew History", in J.P. Hyatt ed., The Bible in Modern Scholarship, (Abingdon, 1965) pp.15-36; S. Greidanus, Sola Scriptura : Problems & Principles in Preaching Historical Texts, (J.H. Kok, 1970); J. Bright, The Authority of The Old Testament(Abingdon, 1967)esp. pp.182-212.

41 关¤_¦­´Á±Ð会对¤Q¤À¤@ªº·N见请参Lukas Vischer, Tithing In The Early Church, (Fortress, 1966).

42 ­ð¦ö¤§¡A爱ÉO责¡Ap.85.

 

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III¡@­^¤å书¥Z

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