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~Arak.                                  ~Arakin

AASOR                              Annual of the American schools of Oriental Research

AB                                      Anchor Bible

ANET                                 J.B. Pritchard(ed.), Ancint Near Eastern Texts

b.                                         Babylonian Talmud

BA                                      Biblical Archaeologist

BAR                                    Biblical Archaeologist Reader

BARev                                Biblical Archaeology Review

BASOR                               Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

Ber.                                     Berakot

BDB                                    F. Brown, S.R. Driver, and C.A. Briggs, Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament

BHK                                   R. Kittel. Biblia Hebraica

BHS                                    Biblia hebraica stuttgartensia

Bib                                      Biblica

CBQ                                   Catholic Biblical Quarterly

Cf.                                       compare¤ñ较

CTJ                                     Calvin Theological Journal

DNTT                                 Colin Brown (ed.), Dictionary of New Testament Theology

DOTT                                 D.W. Thomas, (ed.)Documents from Old Testament Times

ed.                                       Editor, edited by编着

EncJud                                 Encyclopedia Judaica(1971)

EQ                                      Evangelical Quarterly

ExpT                                   Expository Times

f.                                          following¤Î¥H¤U¤@页/

ff.                                         and the following¤Î¥H¤U诸页/

GKC                                   Gesenius~ Hebrew Grammar, ed E. Kautzsch, tr, A.E. Cowley

HTR                                    Harvard Theological Review

IB                                        Interpreter's Bible

IBD                                     Illustrated Bible Dictionary

ibid.                                     ibidem¦P¤W

ICC                                     International Critical Commentary

IDB                                     G.A. Buttrick(ed.) Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible

IDBSup                               Supplimentary to IBD

Int                                        Interpretation

ISBE                                   International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 2nd edition, 1986.

JAOS                                  Journal of the American Oriental Society

JB                                        A.Jones, (ed.), Jerusalem Bible

JBL                                     Journal of Biblical Literature

JETS                                   Journal of the Evangical Theological Society

JPSV                                   Jewish Publication Society Version

JQR                                     Jewish Quarterly Review

JSOT                                   Journal for the Study of the Old Testament

JSS                                      Journal of Semitic Studies

JTS                                      Journal of Theological Studies

Jub.                                     Jubilee

KB                                      L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris Testament libros

KJV                                    King James Version

LXX                                    Septuagint¤C¤Q¤h译¥»

MT                                      Masoretic Text马©Ò©Ô§Û¥»

NAB                                   New American Version

NASV                                 New American Standard Version

NEB                                    New English Version

Neg.                                    Nega `im

NICNT                               New Internationl Commentary on the New Testament

NICOT                               New International Commentary of the Ood Testament

Nid.                                     Niddah

NIV                                     New International Version

OTL                                    Old Testament Library

PEQ                                    Palestine Exploration Quarterly

Q                                         Qumran¦º®ü¥j¨÷

                      1Q, 2Q, 4Q, etc. Numbered caves of Qumran, yielding written material; followed by abbreviation of biblical book

RB                                       Revue biblique

Qod.                                    Qodashin

RevExp                                Review and Expositor

RevQ                                   Revue de Qumran

RSV                                    Revised Standard Version

RV                                      Review Version

S                                         Syriac Version叙§Q亚译¥»

SP                                       Samaritan Pentateuch¼»玛§Q亚¤­经

SJT                                      Scottish Journal of Theology

TB                                       Tyndale Bulletin

TDNT                                 G. Kittel and G. Friedrich (ed.), Theological Dictionary of the New Testament

TDOT                                 G.J. Botterweck and H. Ringgren (ed.), Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament

Tg                                        Targum

TWOT                                R. Harris, Gleason L. Arsher, and Bruce K. Watke(ed.), Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament

V                                         VulgateªZ¥[¤j译¥»

VT                                       Vestus Testamentum

WTJ                                    Westminster Theological Journal

y.                                         Jerusalem Talmud

ZAW                                   Zeitschrift for die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft

ZPE                                     Zodervan Pictorial encyclopedia of the Bible

 

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©M¦X¥»                          ·s旧约¥þ书¡A­»´äÉo经¤½会

现¤¤                              ¡mÉo经¡n¢w¢w现¥N¤¤¤å译¥»¡A­»´äÉo经¤½会¡A1980

·s译¥»                          Éo经¥þ书¢w¢w¡m·s译¥»¡n¡A­»´äÉo经·s译会1990

吕®¶¤¤                          吕®¶¤¤译¥»

«ä°ª                              ¤Ñ¥D±Ð«ä°ª译¥»

 

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这样¬Ý来¡A§Q¥¼记这书¦W¥¼¯à将旧约²Ä¤T¨÷书ªº±Ð训´£®²¡A°£¤F¥D­n对¶H¦}«D§Q¥¼¤H©M²½¥q¥~¡A¨ä实¥»书¤§¥Øªº¤]¤£¬O细¦C条¤å¥H约§ô«H众ªº¥Í¬¡¡A¤U¤å论¯«学ªº³¡¥÷将说©ú¥»书¨÷¬O¯«¦b®¦¨å¤¤¡A给¤©«H®{¤@¨Ç«ü¤Þ¡A帮§U¥L们¦æ¨Æ为¤H¯àÉO»X¥lªº®¦¬Û称¡C©Ò¥H¡A犹¤Ó会°ó¥H¡u¥L©I¥s¡v©R¦W¡A¤ñ传统ªº称号§ó为传¯«¡C¡u¥L©I¥s¡v¬O§Æ§B来¤å¥þ书ªº²Ä¤@个¦r¡A©I¥s ƒÑƒâƒ«ƒáƒ«ƒn·N«ä¬O¤j声³Û¥s¡A这¦r¥Î¦b¤H际关¨t¤W¦³¤T个¥Îªk¡F2(1)©I¦W¹D©m¡B©w¦W¡F(2)¦V¯«©I¨D¡F(3)¯«©I¥l¤H¡C¦ÓLXXªºÂ½译 ƒÛƒÑƒÜƒÕƒçKaleo{¦b·s约¤¤¤]¬O¬Û¦Pªº¥Îªk¡C3¦b这¤@¥y¤l¤¤¡A ƒÑƒâƒ«ƒáƒ« ³Ì¦XÓ쪺·N«ä¬O¡u­C©M华©I¥l¡v¡A虽µM这动词ªº对¶H(object)¬O¼¯¦è¡A¦ý¤U¤@¥y补¥R说©ú¡G§A晓谕¥H¦â¦C¤H¡A¥i见¼¯¦è¬O¥H¦â¦C¤Hªº¥Nªí¡A­C©M华©I¥l¼¯¦è实¦b¤D¬O©I¥l¥H¦â¦C¤H¡C©Ò¥H§Q¥¼记ªº内®e¬O¯«¥D动©I¥l¡AÁÜ请选¥Á³z过献²½ÉO¦Û¤v亲ªñ¡A«ü¤Þ¥L们«ç样过ÉoÏ¡ªº¥Í¬¡荣ģ͢ªº¦W¡C虽µM¤¤国±Ð会¦­¤w¸ò从§ÆÛK¤å译¥»称©I旧约²Ä¤T¨÷书§@§Q¥¼记¡A¦ý当«H®{¸Ñ释该书经¤å¡AÀq·Q©M应¥Î时¡A¤Á记犹¤Ó¤H¦p¦ó¦W¥¿¨¥顺¦a±µ¨ü§Q¥¼记¤DÉoÏ¡ªº¯«对Í¢选¥Áªº©I¥l¡C

 

1 旧约¤¤²½¥q( ƒ°ƒØƒÕƒ»ƒn)¤ñ较§Q¥¼(   ƒéƒçƒÙƒÜƒÕƒn)©Î§Q¥¼¤H(ƒnƒãƒéƒÙƒçƒÙƒÜƒÍƒn)³£­«­n¡C¥H¥X现¦¸数¤ñ较¡A²½¥q¦@¨É750¦¸¡A§Q¥¼63¦¸¡A¨ä¤¤¤£¤Ö¬O«ü§Q¥¼ªº¦Z¸Ç±Ú¤H¡C§Q¥¼¤H291¦¸¡C¦Ó¦b§Q¥¼记¤¤¡A²½¥q¥X现112¦¸¡A§Q¥¼¤@¦¸¤]没¦³¡A¦Ó§Q¥¼¤H¤]¥u¦³4¦¸¡]¤Ü¤­32-33¡^¡C

2 BDB pp.894-96; TWOT pp.809-10.

3 TDNT III pp.489-90; DNTT I, pp.271-73

 

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6 R.K. Harrison, Leviticus, (IVP, 1980) p.15.

7 Gorden Wenham, Leviticus, (Eerdmans, 1979) p.7.

 

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°£¦¹¥H¥~¡A¦pªG¤Q¤C¦Ü¤Ü¤»³¹¬O独¥ßªº单¤¸§@«~¡A¥¦ªº¤å«ä应¦³¨t统ªº结ÌÛ¡C¥i±¤¨ÆÉOº@违¡A¦ó´I闻¡]D. Hoffmann¡^¦Ñ¦­¤w«ü¥X¤Q¤C³¹应ÉO¤W¤å连±µ¡A¦Ó¤£¯à¬O·s¬q¸¨ªº开©l¡C16ªñ´Á纪§Q¦w¡]R. Kilian¡^¥ç´£¿ô¡A¤Q¤C³¹¤£¯àÉO¨ä¥¦ÉoÏ¡¨å³¹³¹节¬Û连¡C17®L²z¥Ó则强调¤Ü¤­³¹¤£¥i¯à¬O©Ò谓ÉoÏ¡¨å³¹ªº¤@个¤À¬O¡C18¬Æ¦Ü®ÚÕu«Â¯E¥Í°²设ªº学ªÌ¡A¦p¤Ú¦w®í¡]B. Baentsch¡^19©M¥Õ¦h¤O¡]Bertholet¡^20³£©Ó认«ö·Ó¥L们ªº²z论¤ÀªRÉoÏ¡¨å³¹¡A¤]显¥Ü内¤å¦}¤£团结统¤@¡A¦Ó¬O¥Ñ¦n¤LÏú¬Æ¦Ü¦h¦Ü¤Q¤G类¤¬¤£关连ªº«ß¨Ò来·½编辑¦Ó¦¨¡C

综¦X¤W­z论点¡A暂¥BºJ¤U写§@¤é´Á¤£谈¡A视¤Q¤C¦Ü¤Ü¤»³¹为ÉO¨ä¥¦§Q¥¼记³¹节¤À³Îªº独¥ß单¤¸¡A实¦b¤_²z¤£¦X¡A¤£²Å¦X§Q¥¼记ªº¤å学结ÌÛ¡C

 

8 pp.401ff, ¯S别p.416; 该¤å­«¥Z¦b¥LªºµÛ§@¤­经(Der Pentateuch [1893] pp.368ff.)

9 ¤@¯ë旧约°ª级§å§P学ªÌ称«Â¯E¥Íªº°²设为©³¥»说(the Documentary Hypothesis)¡C杨尔¼w则«ö这个°²设ªº°ò¥»论点称¤§为发®i说(Development Hypothesis)¡C参旧约导论¡]¹D声¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1964¤¤译¥»¡^ pp.138-145.

10 ©M¦X¥»¦}没¦³¡u¥H¦Z¡K¡K¤S¡v¡AµM¦Ó§Æ§B来­ì¤å¦³连±µ词¡A¦b这¨½实¦b¬O«ü¥Ü¦¸§Ç¡A©Ò¥H¤@¯ëªñ´Á­^¤å译¥»¡A¨Ò¦pNEB, NASV, NIV³£译为"Then Yahweh said to Moses"¡A¤¤¤å«ä°ª译¥»¡G¡u¤W¥D¥H¦Z¦V±ö·æ说¡v¡A当¥NÉo经则§@¡G¡u¥D¤S«ü¥Ü¼¯¦è¡v¡A«ü©ú¥»节开©l·sªº¬q¸¨¡C

11 ®L²z¥Ó(R.K. Harrison)«ü¥Ü¡A§Q¤Ü¤»26¬O¥þ书ªº总论¡A¦Ó«D该¨å³¹ªº结语¡A(TOTCp. 26)¡F罗¼w½^(A. Noordtzij)却认为该节¤£过¬O¤Ü¤­1开©lªº¤@¬q¤§结语¡A¤£¯à说¬OÉoÏ¡¨å³¹ªº¶[¨¥¡ALeviticus, (Zondervan, 1982) p.8.

12 Wenham, Leviticus, p.7.

13 R.K. Harrison, Introduction to the Old Testament, (Eerdmans, 1969) p.597.

14 Harrison, Leviticus, p.25.

15 旧约导论¡Ap.72.

16 Das Buch Leviticus I, (Berlin: Poppelauer, 1905) p.469; Rolf Rendtorff, The Old Testament: An Introduction, (Fortress, 1986) p.145.

17 Literarkritische und Formgeschicntliche Undersuchung des Heilig Keitsgesetzes, (Bonn: Hanstein, 1963) pp.176ff.

18 Introduction to the Old Testament, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1969) p.598.

19 Exodus, Leviticus, Numeri, (Handkommentar zum AT)(Go/tingen: 1903) p.387.

20 Leviticus, (Kurzer Handkommentar zum AT)(Tu/bingen: Mohr, 1901) p.x.

 

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§Q¥¼记论­z²½¥q©M§Q¥¼¤Hªº±¡况¡A¤]­~Éݤ_¤ý国¤Î³Q掳¦Zªº记载¡C§Q¥¼记«ü¥Ü¤Z献²½ªÌ¡A¤£论¬Æ¤\²½¡A­Y献¤û¦Ï¡A献²½ªÌ¥²须¦Û¤v剥²½¬¹ªº¥Ö©M³Î¤Á²M¬~²½¬¹¡AµM¦Ó时¦Ü¤j卫¡A¤w¦w±Æ²½¥q负责¾ã个献²½µ{§Ç¡]¥N¤W¤Ü¤T31¡^¡C¦Z来§Æ¦è®a¦]²½¥q数¥Ø¤£够¡A¥u嘱©J§Q¥¼¤H协§U¡A¤]¤£¥Î献²½ªÌ动¤â¡]¥N¤U¤Ü¤E34¡^¡A¥t¤@¦¸记载¹O¶V节¡A§Q¥¼¤H¡u为¤@¤Á¤£Ï¡¤§¤H®_¹O¶V节ªº¦Ï¯Ì¡v¡]¥N¤U¤Ê17¡^¡A¤Î¦Ü约¦è亚时¡A¡u¤@¤Á¡v¹O¶V节ªº¦Ï¯Ì³£¥Ñ§Q¥¼¤H®_杀¡]¥N¤U¤Ê¤­6¡^¡A§Q¥¼¤H²½¥q负责献²½ªº职务¥i¥H从¥H¦è结ªº预¨¥¡]结¥|¤Q¥|11¡^显¥Ü¤D¦Z´Á¯«ªº¦w±Æ¡A©Ò¥H§Q¥¼记ªº记载¥²©w¬O«D±`¦­´Áªº启¥Ü¡C

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虽µM¦p¦¹¡A¤´¤£¯à对¦¹§@¥X斩钉ºI铁ªº强调¡A认为ÉoÏ¡ªk¨åªº§@ªÌ´N¬O¥H¦è结¥»¤H¡C¦]为¤Ï对¦¹Ïú·N见ªº学ªÌ¤]¤j¦³¤H¦b¡C¥L们¥B«ü©ú¡G¤GªÌ©TµM¦³¬Û¦ü¤§处¡A¦ý¬O¤£¦P¬Æ¦Ü¥Ù¬Þªº¦a¤è¤]为数¤£¤Ö¡A¨Ò¦p¡G¥H¦è结对¨C¤éªº²½献¡B¹O¶V节¯Ì¦Ï¡B³ß¦~¡B¦w®§¦~¡B¤­¦¯节¡B赎¸o节¡B¤j²½¥qµ¥³º§¹¥þ没¦³´£¤Î¡A这¨Ç³£¬O§Q¥¼记©Ò¤Q¤Àª`­«ªº节¤é¡C¦¹¥~结¥|¤Q¥|22¸T¤î²½¥qÉO¹è妇结±B¡A¦Ó¦b§Q¤Ü¤@13-15¥ç§t¦³这Ïú¸T¥O¡A¬O说¤j²½¥q应ÉO¤@¦ì处¤k结±B¡C°ò¤_¤W­zÏúÏú²z¥Ñ¡A¤ñ较§ó为¥i¾a稳­«ªº说ªk¡A应¬OÉoÏ¡ªk¨å远¦b¥H¦è结¥H«e«K¤w问¥@¡A¬G¦¹¤£¥i¯à¥X¦¹¥ýª¾ªº¤â笔¡C52

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虽µM§Q¥¼记¦}没¦³经节©ú«ü§@ªÌ¡A¦ý参·Ó¥X®J¤Î记¥|¤Q1¡B17©M¥Á数记¤@1¡A´Á间¶ZÖä@个¤ë¡A­Y¥H§Q¥¼记为这¤@个¤ë¤¤¯«赐¤©¥H¦â¦C¤Hªº启¥Ü¡A¦X²z¤£过¡A¦Ó§Q¥¼记ªº«ßªkªº内®e©ú显¬O­C©M华¦b¦è¤D¤s晓谕¼¯¦èªº启¥Ü¡C¥þ书¤Ê¤K¦¸记载¡u­C©M华晓谕¼¯¦è说¡v¡A¤Ü¤C³¹Éo经¤¤¡A¦@¦³¤G¤Q³¹¥H¡u­C©M华晓谕¼¯¦è说¡v开©l¡A¨Ò¥~ªº²Ä¤G¡B¤T¡B¤­¡B¤C¡B¤E©M¤Q³¹¨ä¤¤¤@¨Ç¬O¤W¤@³¹¥D题ªº©µ续¡A²Ä¤@节¦}«D¬q¸¨ªº开©l¡A¦Ó¦b该³¹¤¤·s¬q¸¨开©l时¡A¡u­C©M华晓谕¼¯¦è说¡v¤]¬O¬q¸¨ªº¤Þ¥y¡]¤­14¡A¤C28¡A¤Q8¡^¡C¬Û«H¥ô¦ó²@无°¾见ªº读ªÌ¡A¬Ý见这¤\¦h­C©M华¦V¼¯¦è启¥Üªº¥y¤l¡A¤ñ较¥X®J¤Î记¡B¥Á数记©M¥Ó©R记数¥H¦Ê计¦P样ªº说ªk¡A虽µM¥»书没¦³说©ú¼¯¦è亲¦Û写书¡A¦ý应ÉO¥X®J¤Î记¡B¥Á数记©M¥Ó©R记¤@样¡A³£¬O¼¯¦è©Ò写¡]¥X¤Q¤C14¡A¤Ü¥|4¡B7¡A¤Ê¥|27¡F¥Á¤Ê¤T1¡B2¡F¥Ó¤Ê¤@9¡B11¡^¡A¦Ó这Ïú¬Ýªk¡A¨ä实¤]´N¬O±o¯«启¥Ü写¤U¯u²zªº·s约¨Ï®{©M¥D°ò·þªº«H©À¡C¡]·s约ÉO§Q¥¼记关¨t请参阅¤U¤å¡^¨ä¤¤¯S别²M·¡ªº关¤_¥D­C稣ªÖ©w¼¯¦è颁写§Q¥¼记ªº记载¡A´N¬OÍ¢§h©J·÷疯²¬·Uªº¤H¡A¡u¥h§â¨­Ê^给²½¥q¹î¬Ý¡A献¤W¼¯¦è©Ò§h©Jªº礼ª«¡A对众¤H§@证Õu¡C¡v¡]¤Ó¤K4¡^¦Ó¾ã¥»旧约论¨ì·ò疯²¬·U¦ZªºÏ¡净条¨Ò¥u¦³§Q¥¼记¤Q¥|10-32¡C这样¬Ý来¡AÉo经¬JªÖ©w¼¯¦è¬O§Q¥¼记ªº§@ªÌ¡A¤ZÉO«H¥õ¤¸­ºªº¥D­C稣©MÍ¢©Ò启¥Üªº¨Ï®{认¦PªÌ¡A³£¤£应对这«Å©À产¥ÍºÃ问¡A¤]¥i¥H±µ¨ü¤B¯u¤~´n¬AÉo经对§Q¥¼记§@ªÌªº¬Ýªk¡G53

µÛ书¤§¤H­Yª`·N¤U¦Cªº¤L层²z¥Ñ´N¥i断©w§Q¥¼记¬O¼¯¦è着ªº¡G¡]¤@¡^°£¤F¤K3¦Ü¤Q20©M¤G¤Q¥|10¦Ü12¡B13节¥H¥~¡A§Q¥¼记¥þ¬O记载¯«亲¦Û晓谕¼¯¦èªº©R¥O¡]¤Q¤C2¡^¡F¡]¤G¡^这¨Ç©R¥O¬O«Ü¥X©_¡A¦Ó¥B¬O¤j¦³关¨tªº¡F¡]¤T¡^当时将这©R¥O传ÉO²½¥q©M众¦Ê©mªº´N¬O¼¯¦è¡]¤G¤Q¤@24¡A¤G¤Q¤T44¡^¡F¡]¥|¡^¼¯¦è¬O¥H¦â¦C¤Hªº­º领¡F¡]¤­¡^当时¼¯¦è¬O³Ì¦³学问ªº¡]®{¤C22¡^¡F¡]¤»¡^¦Û¥j¦Ü¤µªº传说¤]说§Q¥¼记¬O¼¯¦è写ªº¡F¡]¤C¡^¥þ书¤¤¤£¦ý没¦³¤@¥yÉO这传说¤£¦X¡A¤Ï¦³¤L处·t«ü¬O¼¯¦è着ªº¡]参¤C37¡B38¡A¤G¤Q¤»46¡A¤G¤Q¤C34¡^¡F¡]¤K¡^°£¤F¦b¥»ª`释旧约¨÷¤@«e头ªº¼¯¦è¤­经总论¤¤©Ò¦C¤§证Õu¥H¥~¡A¥§¤K14¡B15节¡]参§Q¤G¤Q¤T34¦Ü42¡^¡A¸ô¤G22节¡]参§Q¤Q¤G8¡^¡A©M¥N¤U¤T¤Q16节¡]参§Q¤@5¡^¡A¤]证©ú这¨Ç«ß¨Ò¬O­É着¼¯¦è传ªº¡A¥D­C稣¤]屡¦¸©Ó认§Q¥¼记¬O¼¯¦è传ªº¡A约¤C22¡B23节¡]参§Q¤Q¤G3¡^¡A¤Ó¤K4节¡]参§Q¤Q¥|3-32¡^¡A¥i¤C10节¡]参§Q¤G¤Q9¡^¡K¡K

µÛ书¤§时从¤U¦Cªº¤K条¥i¥H断©w§Q¥¼记¬O¼¯¦è¦b旷³¥着ªº¡G¡]¤@¡^着§Q¥¼记ªº时­Ô¡A¥H¦â¦C¤H¤w经ÖÃ开®J¤Î为¥£¤§¦a¡]¤G¤Q¤G33¡A¤G¤Q¤T43¡A¤G¤Q¤­38¡B55¡A¤G¤Q¤»45¡^¡A却还没¦³¨ì¯«©Ò­n赐给¥L们为业ªº­{«n¦a¡]¤Q¥|33¡B34¡A¤Q¤E23¡A¤G¤Q¤T10¡A¤G¤Q¤­2¡^¡F¡]¤G¡^着§Q¥¼记ªº时­Ô¡A¥H¦â¦C¤H¦í¦b旷³¥¡]¤Q¤T46¡A¤Q¥|3¡B8¡A¤Q¤»22¡A¤G¤Q¥|14¡B23¡^¡F¡]¤T¡^¦b¤­15¡B18¡A¤»6节¡A¯«ª½±µ对¼¯¦è说¡A¡u·Ó§A©Ò¦ô©wªº¡v这¤@¥y话显©ú当时ªº²½¥q还没¦³©Ó±µÉo职¡F¡]¥|¡^当¯«晓谕¤»20节¤§条¨Òªº时­Ô¡A亚伦©M¥Lªº¤I¤l还没¦³¨ü»I§@²½¥q¡F¡]¤­¡^µÛ书ªº¤H¦b²Ä¤K¦Ü¤Q³¹¨½记载²½¥q©Ó±µÉo职ªº¨Æ¡A显µM¬O记载¥L¦Û¤v当¤é亲¦Û©Ò经历ªº¨Æ¡F¡]¤»¡^着§Q¥¼记ªº时­Ô¡A亚伦©M¥Lªº¤I¤l还¦b¥@§@²½¥q¡]¤K1¡B2¡A¤Q¤@1¡A¤Q¥|33¡A¤Q¤C2¡A¤G¤Q¤G2¡A¤G¤Q¥|9¡^¡A¦ý亚伦没¦³进­{«n¡]¥Á¤G¤Q24-29¡A¤G¤Q¤C12¡B13¡^¡A这¬O证©úµÛ书ªº时­Ô¡A¥H¦â¦C¤H还¦b旷³¥©~¦í¡F¡]¤C¡^§Q¥¼记¤W¦³¨Ç条¨Ò¡A¬O¥H¦â¦C¤H¥u¯à¦b旷³¥¿í¦u¡]¤Q¥|34¡A¤Q¤C3¡F参¥Ó¤Q¤G13-20¡A¤G¤Q¤T9¡^¡F¡]¤K¡^§Q¥¼记¤¤¦³话显©ú¥»书¬O继续¥X®J¤Î记¡]¤@1¡A¤K1¡B2¡^¡A¤]¬O¦b¥Á数记¤¤©Ò记ªº¨Æ¥H«e¡]¥Á¤@1¡^¡C这¨Ç证Õu¤£过¬O°¸µM´²¦b«ßªk书¤¤¡A·t¥Ü¨ü«ßªkªÌ©M¥L¨º时¥Nªº±¡§Î¡A¬G¦¹为证©ú§Q¥¼记¬O¥X¤_¼¯¦èªº时¥N¡C这¬O¤j¦³É²­Èªº¡C这书¬J¬O¥X¤_¼¯¦èªº时¥N¡A书¤¤©Ò记ªº条¨Ò¤S¬O¯«¦b¦è¤D旷³¥晓谕¼¯¦èªº¡]¤C33¡A¤G¤Q¤­1¡A¤G¤Q¤»46¡A¤G¤Q¤C34¡^¡A¦Ó¥B¼¯¦è¤S¬O¤j¦³学问ªº¡]®{¤C22¡^¡A´N¥i断©w¤]¬O¼¯¦è当时记¦b书¤Wªº¡]¤­14¡F¥X¤Q¤C14¡A¤G¤Q¥|4¡A¤T¤Q¥|27¡^¡C

 

21 ¨Ò¦p¤Q¥@纪¦è¯Z¤úªº\cs15Ibn Hazam of Cordova, ¤Q¤@¥@纪ªºIbn Ezra, ¤Q¤­¥@纪马¤B¸ô¼wªº对头Andreas Bodenstein, ¤Q¤C¥@纪¥v实诺²ï(Benedict Spinoza)µ¥¡C参R.K.Harrison, lntroduction to the Old Testament, pp.497-498; ¦ã°ò·s(G.L.Archer)旧约·§论¡]Ïú¬ó¡A1985¡^页93.

22 «Â¯E¥Í发ªí¨äµÛ§@时¡Aªñ东¦Ò¥j学¤w¦³¤£¤Ö¬Û当­«­nªº¬ã¨s¤å³¹发ªí¡A参Harrison, Introduction, pp.85-88; William Foxwell Albrigt, From Stone Age to Christianity, (2nd ed., Garden City; Doubleday, 1957) pp.25-41.

23 参赖¯SÉo经¦Ò¥j学¡]东«n亚¯«学协会¡F1967¡^ pp.131-143; 亚当´µ¥j¥N纪录ÉOÉo经¡]®û会¡A1967¡^ pp.150-152; 奥§B莱¡u旧约ªº¥@¬É¡v¡AÉo经¦Ò释¤j¥þ: 旧约论丛¡]¤W¡^¡]¤å艺¡A1970¡^ pp. 1-124; Harrison, Introduction, pp.362. 414; Old Testament Times, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1970): Archer, "Archaeological Evidence for the Antiquity of the Pentateuch", Survey, pp.155-165; Roland de Vaux, Anchient Israel. vol. 2, Religious Institutions, (New York: Mc Graw-Hill, 1961); James B. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1955); Albright, From the Stone Age to Christianity, pp.25-81, 127-272 µ¥¡C

24 ³Ìªñ¥N¦³关乌¥[§Qªº¬ã¨s¡A参Peter C. Craigie, Ugarit and the Old Testament, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1983) ¤Î¤~¨ä¤¤ªºChapter VII: A Guide For Further Study And Reading©Ò¦C¤§书¥Ø¡C

25 ¦ã¥¬©Ôªº发现©M¬ã¨s¡A参Edward Hughes¡u¥j国¦ã¥¬©Ô¡v读ªÌ¤åºK¤@¤E¤C¤K¦~¡A¤C¤ë号¡App.60-64; P.Mattiae, Ebla: An Empire Rediscovered, (Garden City: Doubleday, 1981); G. Pettinato, The Archives of Ebla, (Garden, City: Doubleday, 1981); Chaim Bermont and Michael Weitzman, Ebla Revelation In Archaeology, (New York: Times Book, 1979); Mitchell Dahood, "Are the Ebla Tablets Relevant to Biblical Research?", Biblical Archaelolgy Review 6/5, 1980, pp.54-60; Lawrence T.Geraty, "Update on Ebla", Ministry January, 1982, pp.24-27µ¥¡C

26 Herbert F. Lamp, "An Old Testament Index to Archaeological Source", Trinity Journal 3(1982) pp.170-194, ¯S别pp.189-190将ªñ¥N¦Ò¥j发现´£¨Ñ§Q¥¼记¬ã¨sªº书¥»¤å³¹¦C举¡C

27 ¦³关¦º®ü¥j¨÷ªº¬ã¨s¡A¤w¦³许¦hµÛ§@¥Xª©¡A¤¤¤å参¦Ò¬d²z¡D´´华¡A¦º®ü¥j¨÷ÉOÉo¨½¡]Ïú¬ó¡A1978¡^¡A­^¤å参F.M. Cross, Jr., The Ancient Library of Qumran and Modern Biblical Studies, (New York: Doubleday, 1958).

28 费¼w¥Á(David Noel Freedman)¦C举¤T¤j²z¥Ñ:

 (1)¬O现¦s³Ì¥j¦Ñªº§Q¥¼记§Û¥»¡A«D±`¥i¯à¬O¥D«e¤G¥@纪¦Z´Áªº§Û¥»¡F¡]谢¤Í¤ý´£¥X¬Æ¦Ü¦³认为¦­¦Ü¥D«e¤T©Î¥|¥@纪¡A两约¤¤间¥v²¤¡eÏú¬ó¡A1977¡fp.407.¡^

(2)¬O³Ì长½g´T¤å¥ó¥Î¥j§Æ§B来¤åÊ^(paleo-Hebrew)写¦¨¡A©Ò¥H对认识¥j§Æ§B来¤å¦b§ÆÛK--罗马时¥Nªººt变«Ü¦³帮§U¡F

(3)¥¦¬O¦bToral¡u«ßªk¡v§Æ§B来ª©¥»©T©w为¥¿¨å时´Á¡A¤@©w对§Û¥»ÉO传统历¥vªº¬ã¨s¦³©Ò贡献¡C

("Variant Reading in the Leviticus Scroll from Qumran Cave 11", Catholic Biblical Quarterly, 36 [1974] p.525).

29 ³Ì·sªþ¬ã经§å§P资®Æªº§Q¥¼记ª©¥»¬OBiblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelstiftung 1977)

30 关¤_LXXªº¬ã¨s¡A参Sidney Jellicoe, The Septuagint and Modern Study, (Oxford: Clarendon 1968); H.M. Orlinsky, The Septuagint: The Oldest Translation of the Bible, (Cincinnati, 1949); H.B. Swete, An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek, revised R.R. Ottley(Cambridge: University Press, 1914).

31 Harrison, Introduction, pp.220-226; Bruce K. Waltke "The Samaritan Pentateuch And The Text of the Old Testament", in J. Barton Payne ed. New Perspectives On The Old Testament, (Waco: Word, 1970) pp.212-240

32 D.N. Freedman, "Variant Readings in The Leviticus Scroll From Qumran Cave 11", pp.525-534; K.A. Mathews, "The Leviticus Scroll (11 Q psleo Lev) and the text of the Hebrew Bible", CBQ 48(1986), 171-207.

33 Wlenham, Leviticus, p.15.

34 Harrison, Leviticus, p.35.

35 详细ªº发®i时间ªí参Harrison, Introduction, pp.7-32; ¨¯´¶¥Í¡u¤»经¤§¦¨长¡v¡AÉo经¦Ò释¤j¥þ¡G旧约论丛¡]¤U¡^¡]¤å艺¡A1981¡^ pp.31-70.

36 Die Priesterschrift von Exodus 25 bis Leviticus 16, eine u/berlieferungsges-chichtliche und Literarkritische Untersuchung, (Go/ttingen, 1959) p.76 n.6.

37 Leviticus, (OT Library)(London: SCM, 1965) p.91

38 Die Gesetze in der Priesterschrift, eine gattungsgeschichtliche Untersuchung, (Go/ttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1963) p.45n.34.

39 "The Literary Connection Between LV 11, 13-19 And DT 14, 12-18", Catholic Biblical Quarterly 28(1966) 271-177, 请参¬Ý¤Q¤@³¹ª`释ªº¤ñ较¡C

40 From Bible To Mishna, (Manchester, 1976) pp.132ff.

41 Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic School, (Oxford; Clarendon, 1972) pp.18Off, 223.

42 "What Happened Every Seven Year in Israel?", Evangelical Quarterly 56(1984): 129-138; 193-201.

43 "Atonement Constructions in the Old Testament and the Qumran Scrolls", Evangelical Quarterly 46(1974): 131-163.

44 Ibid, p.161

45 Y. Kaufmann, The Religion of Israel, (London: Allen and Unwin, 1961)

46 A. Hurvitz, "The Evidence of Language in Dating the Priestly Code", Revue Biblique 81(1974) pp.24-57. ªñ´Áªº¤å³¹¡ADavid R. Hildebrand" A Summary of Recent Findings In Support of An Early Date For the Socalled Priestly Material of The Pentateuch", JETS 29(1986): 129-138 ºë简§ã­n«D±`¦³¤Oªº讨论¡A带¥X¥O¤H«HªAªº结论¡C

47 E.A. Speiser, "Leviticus and the Critics", in Oriental and Biblical Studies, (Philadelphia: University Press, 1967) pp.123.142.

48 Jacob Milgrom, "Leviticus", Encyclopedia Judaica, (1972) 11: 138.

49 Deuteronomy, pp.180ff.

50 °£¤FKauffman©MWeinfeld¥~¡AM. Douglas从¤H类ªº观点¡A¤ä«ù§Q¥¼记属¤_¦­´Á¡A¦ÓÉO¦Z´Á¡A±¡§Î¤£¦P¡CImplicit Meanings, (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975) pp.315ff.

51 The Book of Leviticus, 3d. ed.(1899; reprint, Minneapolis: Klock & Klock, 1978), p.369.

52 韩©Ó¨}¡A¦Ø¥¼纪释义¡]¤Ñ¥D±Ð«ä°ªÉo经学会¡A1985¡^p.4-5

53 §Q¥¼记ª`释¡]证¹D¡A1956¦Aª©¡^úS¡B¸v页¡C

 

¯«学±Ð训

犹¤Ó¤H©M°ò·þ±Ðªº旧约Éo经±Æ¦C¡A¥H³Ì«eªº¤­¨÷为¤@¾ãÊ^¡A统称«ßªk书©Î¼¯¦è¤­经¡A¥iª¾这¤­¨÷书关¨t±K¤Á¡A组¦X¦Ó¦¨¤@个§¹¾ãªº启¥Ü±Ð训¡C©Ò¥H§Q¥¼记¬JµM¦}«D单独¦s¦b¡A­n´x´¤¨ä¤¤¯«学±Ð训¡A鲁达¥±¡]Jean Rutherford¡^´£¿ô¡G¡u¬qÉO¬q¤§间¬O¦³联¨tªº¡A¦Ó¥B联¨t¬O¤Q¤À­«­nªº¡C¦³¤H认为Éo经¬O杂乱无³¹¡B结ÌÛ´²º©ªº¡A¨ä实Éo经ªº结ÌÛ¦n¹³¤@´Ê¥Í长ªº树¡A¦³ªK¦³节¡C¡v54¬JµM§Q¥¼记ÉO¨ä¥¦书¨÷连¨t¡A¬ã¨s¥¦ªº±Ð训¡A´N¥²须¯d·N¡A¡u§Ú们谈话ªº记载¡A¤Á¤Å§Ñ记¬Ý¬Ý¤W¤U¤å¡A§K±o断³¹¨ú义¡A¬ï凿ªþ会¡A¬n¦±¤å·N¬Æ¦ÜÉO§@ªÌ­I¹D¦Ó驰¡A却¦Û¥H为¬O©¾¤_Éo经¡C¡v55

 

54 ¯ª约¿«编¡A¬ã经ªk论¶°¡]«Å¹D1981¡^¡u«ö¬q¤ÀªR¡vp.30

55 张­×齐¡A¬¡¥Î读经ªk¡]证¹D¡A1973¡^p.11.

 

连±µ词

§Q¥¼记ÉO¥X®J¤Î记实¦b¬O¯«¦b¦è¤M¤s启¥Üªº¤W¤U两³¡¥÷¡A¤¤¤å译¥»¥i¯à为¤F³q顺¡A没¦³§â§Æ§B来­ì¤å¡A开©l¥»书ªº²Ä¤@个¦r¡A¡uµM¦Z¡v¡] ƒçƒÌƒÌƒÍw#¡^¨º连±µ词½¥X来¡ALXX©M¤@¨Ç­^¤å译¥»56©¾实¦aªí¥Ü¡A«ö·Ó¤åÊ^结ÌÛ¡A§Q¥¼记ªº±Ð训©Ó±µ¥X®J¤Î记¡]§Y¥X¥|¤Q38¡^¡A¦¨为¤@个¾ãÊ^¡C°ª±o宝¡]Louis Goldberg¡^«ü¥X§Q¥¼记ªº±Ð训¡A57´N¬O讲论¼¯¦èªº·ù约©Î«ßªk¡C¼¯¦è领¨üªº·ù约«ßªk¡A¥D­n¤À为¤T¤j³¡¥÷¡G¹D¼w¡B²½ªÁ¡B©M¥qªk¡C°£¦¹¥H¥~¡A还¦³²Ä¥|³¡¥÷¡A论­z·q«ô©M¥Í¬¡ªº¼Ò¦¡¡C¨Ò¦p¦w®§¤é¡B­¹ª«¡BÏ¡净µ¥规则¡C这¥|³¡¥÷¦¨为¤é±`¥Í¬¡¦U¤è­±ªº¦u则©M«ü¤Þ¡A¦ý«e¤T³¡¥÷¤DÌÛ¦¨¼¯¦è«ßªkªº独¯S¦]¯À¡C¹D¼w«ßÚÌ©w«O«ù¯«Éo¥Í¬¡ªº伦²z标­ã¡A²½ªÁ¨î«×说©ú¸o恶±o±Ï赎¡B©e¨­¨Í¥D¡B·P谢¤ÎÉO¯«¬Û¥æªº¤èªk¡A¥qªk³¹则¨Ñ给¥Á±Ú处²z¥Á¨Æ©M¦D¨Æ诉讼ªº¨t统¡C¥X®J¤Î记¤w²¤论这¤T个«ßªkªº­«点¡A¦Ó§Q¥¼记则°£对¦U­«点¦A¥[详细发挥¡A§ó¥[阐­z«ßªk²Ä¥|³¡¥÷ªº·q«ô¤Î¥Í¬¡¼Ò¦¡¡C©Ò¥H§Q¥¼记¤D¼¯¦è«ßªk¤@个­«­nªº环节¡A­É¥Î¬d义«ä¡]Brevard S. Childs¡^ªº§Î®e¡G¡u§Q¥¼记´£¨Ñ旧约«ç样¤F¸Ñ«ßªkªº¥D­n¨Ò¤l¡v¡C58

 

56 AV: "Ans", NASV "Then"

57 Leviticus, (A Study Guide Commentary)(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1980) p.7.

58 Introduction to the Old Testament As Scripture, (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979) p.187.

 

©Ó±µ¥X®J¤Î记

§Q¥¼记­º¦rªº连±µ词¡uµM¦Z¡v©TµMªí¥ÜÉO¥X®J¤Î记¤@Éa¨þ¦¨¡A¤]¥i¥H认识¥»书ªº±Ð训ÉO¦è¤D¤s·ù约«D±`±K¤Á¡C¬d义«äªºµÛ§@ºë简说©ú两ªÌ关¨t¡C59°£¤F¨÷­º语¡]¤@1¡^¥~¡A结语¡u这´N¬O­C©M华¦b¦è¤D¤s为¥H¦â¦C¤H©Ò§h©J¼¯¦èªº©R¥O¡v¡]¤Ü¤C34¡^说©ú§Q¥¼记实为¥X®J¤Î记§À¬qªº¤å学©°续¡C¤U­±ªº图ªí©Î许¥i¥H帮§U读ªÌ¡A对¥X®J¤Î记¤Q¤E³¹¦Ü§Q¥¼记¤Ü¤C³¹©Ó¥ý启¦Zªº内®e¡A¦³¤@个鸟Àý¦¡ªº¦L¶H¡G

§Q¤K¦Ü¤E³¹¤D¼i¦æ¥X¤Ü¤E«ü¥Ü»I¥ß亚伦¤÷¤lªº历¥v记载¡A¦Ó§Q¤K¦Ü¤E³¹¦h¦¸说©ú这礼节¡A´N¦p¥X¤Ê¤­¦Ü¥|¤Q³¹ªº·q«ô¦a点ª««~¤§§¹¦¨¡A¡u³£¬O·Ó­C©M华©Ò§h©J¼¯¦èªº¡v¡]¤K9¡B13¡B17¡B21¡B29¡B36¡A¤E7¡B10¡B20¡^¡C

虽µM§Q¤@¦Ü¤C³¹论­z¦UÏú献²½¡A¦ü¥G¥´断¤F这个连续©Ê¡A实¦b¬O¥²须ªº补¥R¡C这¬qªº­º¦r¡A§Y¤W¤å讨论过¥»书ªº­º¦r¡A¡uµM¦Z¡vªí¥Ü连±µ¥X¥|¤Q38¡C¥»¬q¥½¥y¡u这´N¬OêO²½¡B¯À²½¡B赎¸o²½¡B赎·^²½¡B©M¥­¦w²½ªº条¨Ò¡A¦}©Ó±µÉo职ªº礼¡A³£¬O­C©M华¦b¦è¤D¤s©Ò§h©J¼¯¦èªº¡A´N¬O¥L¦è¤D旷³¥§h©J¥H¦â¦C¤H献¨Ñª«给­C©M华¤§¤é©Ò说ªº¡C¡v¡]¤C37-38¡^²M·¡¥æ¥»¬q©Ó¥ý¦Zªº§@¥Î¡C­º¥ý¡A¡u³£¬O­C©M华¦b¦è¤D¤s©Ò§h©J¼¯¦èªº¡v¦b¤W¬q¤w经论¤Î¡A¬O¥X®J¤Î记©µ续ªº¤Þ¥y¡C¨ä¦¸¡A¥X®J¤Î记结§ô时¡A¤@¤Á会¹õ¤Î²½¥qªºª««~³£¤w§¹¦¨¡A¦}¥B¡u¦b会¹õªº帐¹õ门«e¡A¦w设êO²½坛¡A§âêO²½¡A©M¯À²½献¦b¨ä¤W¡A¬O·Ó­C©M华©Ò§h©J¥Lªº¡C¡v¡]¥X¥|¤Q28¡^¡CµM¦Ó¦b¥X®J¤Î记¦}没¦³¤¶绍êO²½©M¯À²½ªº献ªk¡A紧±µªº§Q¥¼记¤@¦Ü¤­³¹补¥R献²½ªº条¨Ò¡A¤D¦ÛµM¤£过¡C³Ì¦Z¡A¥X¤Ü¤E³¹«ü¥Ü¼¯¦è»I¥ß亚伦¤÷¤lªºµ{§Ç¡A­n献赎¸o²½¡BêO²½©M¥­¦w²½¡A¥]¬A®_¡B烧¡B¦Y©M¨Ï¥Î¦å¡A­Y«D§Q¤»¦Ü¤C³¹¸Ñ释²½¥q«ç样处²z¦UÏú²½ªÁ¡A亚伦¦b»I¥ß¨å礼¤¤´N¤â¨¬无±¹¡A©Ò¥H§Q¤C37说©ú这¤j¬q¸¨¬O为¤F¡u©Ó±µÉo职ªº礼¡v¡C¦]¦¹赖¯S(Wright)认为§Q¥¼记ªº³¹节¦¸§Ç¡A¦}«D«ö历¥v«e¦Z¡A¦Ó¬O«ö±Ð训¥[¥H逻辑©Ê编±Æ¡A60说©úÂDz½¥q©Ò献ªº²½¬O¯«¯S别ªº启¥Ü¡A©Ò¥H¤D¡u¥@¥@¥N¥N¥Ã±o¤§¤À¡v¡]¤C36¡^¡C亚伦»I¥ß¡]¤K-¤E¡^´N¬O«ö·Ó¯«·q«ô启¥Ü¥¿ÚÌ响应ªº¨Ò¤l¡A¦Ó®³µª¡B亚¤ñ户则为¤£ÉoÏ¡违­I启¥Üªº审§P鉴§Ù¡]¤Q¡^¡C

¸òú¦ªº«ü¥Ü¡A¤Q¤@¦Ü¤Q¤»³¹Ï¡净条¨Ò©M¤Q¤C¦Ü¤Ü¤»³¹ÉoÏ¡¨å³¹¡A¥i¥H说¬O¯«ÉO¥H¦â¦C¦b¦è¤D¤s©Ò¥ß·ù约ªº诠释¡C¯«ÉO¤H¥ß约时说©ú¦è¤D¤s«ßªkªº¥Øªº¡G¡u§A们­Y实¦b§v从§Úªº话¡A¿í¦u§Úªº约¡A´N­n¦bÉE¥Á¤¤§@属§Úªº¤l¥Á¡C¦]为¥þ¦a³£¬O§Úªº¡A§A们­n归§Ú§@²½¥qªº国«×¡A为ÉoÏ¡ªº国¥Á¡C¡v¡]¥X¤Q¤E5-6¡^§Q¤@¦Ü¤Q³¹¨Ñ给¡u§@²½¥qªº国«×¡vªº«ü¥Ü¡A§Q¥¼记§E¤U½g´T´N¸Ñ释«ç样过¡uÉoÏ¡ªº国¥Á¡v¥Í¬¡¡C§@ÉoÏ¡国¥Áªº­ì¦]¡A°ò¤_¡u§A们­n归§Ú为Éo¡A¦]为§Ú­C©M华¬OÉoªº¡A¦}¥s§A们ÉOÉE¥Á¦³别¡A¨Ï§A们§@§Úªº¥Á¡C¡v¡]§Q¤Ü26¡^µM¦Ó¦¨Éo¤£¬O¤f号¡A¤D¬O¨Æ实¡A¡u¦]为§Ú¨Ï§A们¦¨Éo¡v¡]¤Ü¤@8¡^¡A¦Ó¥X®J¤Î´N¬O¯«¨Ï¤H¦¨Éoªº¥v实¡]¤Ü¤G31¡^¡C©Ò¥HÏ¡净条¨Ò详论Ï¡净ÉO¤£Ï¡净ªº¤À别¡A¤£¬O±Ð导¦p¦ó争¨úÉoÏ¡¡A¦Ó¬O«ü¥Ü«ç样«O¦uÉoÏ¡¦a¦ì¡A¨¾­S从ÉoÏ¡¤¤ªg¬V¦Ã秽¦Ó堕¸¨¡C°ß¦³¿í¦u¯«ªº©R¥O¡A´N¬O¥H¦â¦C¤H§@为»X拣选ÉoÏ¡国¥Áªº响应¡C¡u§A们­nÉoÏ¡¡A¦]为§Ú¬OÉoÏ¡ªº¡v¡]¤Q¤E2¡^这©R¥O¬D战¥H¦â¦C¤H±µ¨ü¦Û¤vªº¨­¥÷¡A«i¤_¼i¦æ©I¥l¦o©Ó¨üªº¨¤¦â¡C§Q¥¼记Ï¡净条¨Òªº¨Ì归¡A¦b¥GÉoÏ¡独¤@标­ãªº¯«¥»¨­¡A¤À别Ï¡净ÉO¤£Ï¡净ªº条¨Ò¥u¬O¥~ªí¡A¥u¦³¥N赎¤~¯àÏ¡净¥H¦â¦Cªº¸o¡]¤Q¤»29ff¡^¡A­«·s©ZµMÉOÉoÏ¡ªº¯«¬Û¥æ¡C

¦¨Éo归¯«ªº¨­¥÷¡A°£¤F­n¨D¥H¦â¦C¤H¦p¦óÉO¯«¬Û¥æ¥~¡A¤]¦ù©µ¨ì¤H际关¨t¡C¤Q¤C¦Ü¤Ü¤»³¹ªº伦²z­n¨DÉO¤Q¤@¦Ü¤Q¤»³¹©v±Ð©Êªº­n¨D¤@样¡A´N¬O«ö·Ó¯«ªºÉoÏ¡¡]¤Q¤E³¹¡^¡C¤£断­«Î`ªº¡u§Ú¬O­C©M华§A们ªº¯«¡v¡]¤Q¤E4ff¡^¡A将§Q¥¼记ÉO¦è¤D¤s¥ß约连°_来¡A¦]为¥X®J¤Î©M¥ß约颁«ßªkªº¥Øªº¡A´N¬O¡u§A们­nª¾¹D§Ú­C©M华§A们ªº¯«¡v¡]¥X¤»2ff¡^¡C

 

59 Ibid, pp.184-186.

60 Wright, "Thoughts On Composition of the Pentateuch", p.14.

 

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献²½¡@¥ô¦ó读ªÌ¡A¤£¥²²`¤J¬ã¨s¡A¥u须§Ö阅§Q¥¼记¡A³£«Ü¦ÛµM获±o¤@个²M·¡¦L¶H¡A¨º´N¬O§Q¥¼记¥R满献²½ªº±Ð训¡A¤L¥G¨C¤@³¹Éo经³£¦³论¤Î献²½ªº¨Æ¡A66¥þ书¦UÏúªº²½¡A¥]¬A¨Ñª«¡BêO²½¡B¯À²½¡B¥­¦w²½¡B赎¸o²½¡B赎·^²½¡B举²½¡B摇²½¡B·P谢²½¡B¥Ì¤ß²½¡B¤õ²½¡B³þ²½¡BÄÉ­»ªº²½¡B¹S®¦²½¡B·s¯À²½¡B还º@²½¡B²½ª«µ¥¡A¥[¤W献ªº动词¡A献²½ªº¦r¥y¦b§Q¥¼记¤j·§¦@¨É¤F¤T¦Ê¦¸¡A¥]¬A¤F¦hÏú¤£¦P¨­¥÷¦a¦ì¤Hª«献²½ªº«ü¥Ü¡A¦³´¶罗¤j众个¤H©M¥þ会众¡B©x长¡B²½¥q¡B¥Í¨|¦Zªº妇¤k¡B·ò疯¯f©Îº|¯g·UªÌ¡B±H©~ªº¤Hµ¥¡A献²½¤§时间¥ç¦³¦hÏú¦w±Æ¡A¦³随时谢®¦©Î¹î觉¸o·^实时ªº献²½¡A¤]¦³©w时±`献©Î¤_节´Áªº©^献¡C§Q¥¼记¥i¥H说¬O«H®{©^献«ü«n¡C

¬y¦åÉO赎¸o¡@«öú¦«ßªk¡A¤Zª«®t¤£¦h³£¬O¥Î¦åÏ¡净ªº¡A­Y¤£¬y¦å¡A¸o´N¤£±o³j§K¤F¡C¡v¡]来¤E22¡^§Æ§B来书§@ªÌ¤ß¥Ø¤¤ªº«ßªk¡A¥]¬A¥X®J¤Î记©M¥Á数记¡A¦ý¬Û«H¥D­n¤D«ü§Q¥¼记¡C¦b众¦hªº献²½¤¤¡A°£¤F¯À²½¥~¡A¦UÏúªº²½¡A无论¬Oªí¥Ü·P谢©e¨­ªºêO²½¡AÉO¯«ÉO¤H¤À¨É团«´ªº¥­¦w²½¡A©Î¬O为¸o¦Ó献ªº²½¡A³£¥]¬A¬y¦åªºµ{§Ç¡C©Ò¥H¦å¡] ƒãƒ´ƒ« da{m¡^¦b§Q¥¼记¤¤¦@¨É83¦¸¡A§ó¬O旧约¬y¦å¯«学·N义ªº­«­n启¥Ü¡G¡u¦]为¦å¨½¦³¥Í©R¡A©Ò¥H¯à赎¸o¡C¡v¡]¤Q¤C11¡^这经¤å从¬y¦åªº¦æ动¤Þ导¦Ü赎¸oªº±Ð训¡C ƒâƒÀƒÛ (k-p-r)这§Æ§B来¤åªº¦r®Ú¤£¦P语态¦b§Q¥¼记¦@¨É58¦¸¡A¤¤¤å½译为赎¸o¡B赎¡BÏ¡净¡B¬I®¦µ¥¡C§Q¥¼记ªº¬y¦å赎¸o这¯«学观点¡A¤£单对旧约¥H¦â¦C献²½ªº¤H·N义­«­n¡A¤]¬O预ªí·s约弥赛亚¦¨´Nªº¥Ã远±Ï®¦¡A©Ò¥H¬y¦å赎¸o¤]¬O¨Ï®{们­«Î`详尽¤Þ­z阐释ªº¯«学±Ð训¡C

 

61 ¤G13¡A¤Ü¥|8¡A¤Ü¤»9¡B15¡B25¡B42¡]3¦¸¡^¡B44¡B45.

62 »®¤Hªþ±e条约ÉO旧约¯S别¥Ó©R记ªº关¨t¡A¤w¦³许¦h­«­n诠释¡A¨Ò¦pD.J. McCarthy, Treaty and Covenant, (Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1963); M. Kline, The Treaty of the Great King, (Eerdmans, 1963), ¨ä¤¤ªþ±e条约³¡¥÷¦A载The Structure of Biblical Authority, revised edition, (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1975) p.86; J.A. Thompson, Deuteronomy, (London: IVP. 1974) pp.14ff; P.C. Craigie, The Book of Deuteronomy, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976) pp.20ff.¤£过将¥X®J¤Î-§Q¥¼记ÉO»®¤Hªþ±e条¨Ò§@¤ñ较ªº¥u¦³G.E. Mendenhall, Law and Covenant in Israel and the Ancient Near East.

63 The Bible in Its World, (Exeter: Paternoste, 1977) p.82.

64 ®ÚÕuSolomon MandelKern, Veteris Testamenti Concordantiae: Hebra&ica Atque Chaldaicae, (Tel Aviv: Schocken, 1969)¡A¤¤­^ªº¦¸数较¤Ö¡A¥D­n¦]为¤¤¤åªí达¤è¦¡ÉO§Æ§B来¤å¦³别¡A¨Ò¦p¦ÜÉo©Ò¡A¤¤¤åÉo¦r¥u¥Î¤@¦¸¡A§Æ§B来¤å¬OÉo¤¤ªºÉo¡A¡uÉo¡v¦r¥X现两¦¸¡C

65 这¨Ç数¦r®ÚÕuE. Jenni u. C. Westermann, Theologisches Handwo/rterbuch zum Alten Testament, I, pp.571, 647, 665, II, p.593.

66 ¤¤¤å译¥»¤¤¡A°£²Ä¤Q¤@¡B¤Q¤T©M¤Ü¤­³¹¥~¡A¨C³¹³£¦³´£¤Î献²½载¨Ñª«µ¥¦r¥y¡A¤Q¤K³¹虽没©ú¤å献²½¡A¦ý21节¡u¤£¥i¨Ï§Aªº¤I¤k经¤õ¡A归ÉO¼¯¬¥¡v¥i¥H视为¤@Ïúªº献²½¡A¤Ü¤»31¡G¡u§Ú¤]¤£闻§A们ÄÉ­»ªº­»Éa¡v¤D为献²½¤§¦P义词¡]¤@10¡A¤G2¡B9¡A¤T5¡B16¡^¡C

 

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68 Ign. Mag. 7: 2

69 Das Christuszeugnis des alten Testaments, (Munich: C. Kaiser, 1935) I, 268

 

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´n¬A·s约对旧约«ßªkªº¬Ýªk¡A·s约¤£单±µ¨ü旧约ªº¹D¼w©R¥O¡A¦}¥BÂЭz¥H«e·ù约ªº°ò­n¯«学¡A¨ä¤¤¥]¬A¼¯¦èªº¦U类«ß¨Ò¡C¦pªG·s约¦h强调¯«ªº®¦¨å¡A¤D¦]°ò·þªº­°¥@©M¨ü¦º远¤ñ¥X®J¤Î§ó¨ãÊ^¦aªí¹ü¤F¯«ªºÌ°悯¡C

°£¤F¹D¼w«ß¡A¨Ò¦p¡u­n爱¤H¦p¤v¡v¡]¤Q¤E18¡^这¨Ç©R¥O¥~¡A§Q¥¼记¤¤©Ò谓ªº¥Á¨Æ规条¡A¨Ò¦p¯Ñ¦a¤§¨Ò¡]¤Q¤E9-10¡B19¡B23-25¡^¡B«ç样执¦æ¦º¦D¡]¤Ü9-16¡^µ¥¡AªºÚ̬Ƥ֦b·s约¤¤¤Þ¥Î¡C¦ý·s约¤Þ¥Îªº¥Á¨Æ规条¬OÉO¹D¼w«ß¨ã¦Pµ¥ªº权«Â¡]¨Ò¦pªL«e¤E9¤Þ¥Î¥Ó¤Ü¤­4¡A¥i¤C10®ÚÕu§Q¤Ü9¡^¡A¥i见§Q¥½记ªº«ß¨Ò¡A实¦b对现¤µ«H®{¨ã¥i¦æ¦}应¼i¦æªº应¥Î©Ê¡C

 

70 ¦³关从Éo经¤å¤Æ记载寻§ä¶W¤å¤Æ¯u²z启¥Üªº­«­n©M¤èªk参阅Berkeley Mickelsen, Interpreting The Bible, (Eerdmans, 1963) pp.159-176; 兰©i着¡A¸â¥¿义½译¡A°ò·þ±Ð释经学¡]¬¡¬u¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1983¡^ pp.137.146.

71 Brevard S. Childs, Introduction To the Old Testament As Scripture, (Fortress Press, 1979) p.186.

72 »C辅¥Á¡A§Q¥¼记讲义¡]¤Ö¦~归¥DªÀ¡A1983¦Aª©¡^ p.1.

73 ¦³¨Ç学ªÌ运¥Î这¬q©M随ú¦ªº¤@¬q经¤å¡A¯S别¬O¥[¤T23¡A讲论«ßªk/®¦¨å¬O¬Û对ªº¡C¦ý旧约从来没¦³±Ð训¦æ«ßªk¥i±o±Ï¡A¦Ü¤Ö­C稣©M¨Ï®{们¡A¥]¬A«O罗这¨Ç犹¤Ó¤H¦}¤£¦P·N«ßªk©M®¦¨å对¥ß¡C请参¦Ò冯荫©[¯u²zÉO¦Û¥Ñ¡]证¹D¥Xª©ªÀ¡A1982¡^ pp.192-233; D.P. Fuller, Gospel and Law: Contrast of Continuum, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980); Herman Ridderbos, Paul: An Outline of His Theology, (Eerdmans, 1975) pp.130-158; C.E.B. Cranfield, "St Paul and The Law, Scottish Journal of Theology 17(1964): 43-68; Kenneth L. Barker, "False Dichotomies Between The Testaments", JETS 25(1982): 3-16; Richard N. Longenecker, "The Pedagogical Nature of The Law in Galatians 3:19-4:7", JETS 25(1982) 63-74.

74 参阅E.P. Sandera, "Judaism and the Grand 'Christian" Abstractions: Love, Mercy, and Grace", Interpretation 39(1985): 357-372.

75 ©Ô¤ñ¤å献¤Þ¦ÛC.G.Montefiore and H. Loewe, A Rabbinic Anthology(New York, 1974)²Ä¤T³¹¡C祷¤å¤D从Siddur Avodst Israel, ¦ý类¦üªº内¤å¥R¥¸¤@¯ë¬è祷¤å¡C¤W¨Òªº¨C¤é见证«üShem¡]¥Ó¤»\cs154f¡^¡A¤D犹¤Ó¤H¨C¤Ñ­I诵ªº经¤å¡C

76 O.M.T. O'Donovan, "Towards an Interpretation of Biblical Ethics", Tyndale Bulletin 27(1976): 59.

77 对«ßªk¤T¤Àªº质ºÃ参阅Wenham, pp.32-37.

78 ¡u¤£³ß爱²½ªÁ¡v¦}«D§_©w礼仪ªºÉ²­È¡A¤D¬O§Æ§B来¤å¤ñ较ªº¥y¦¡¡A说©ú¹D¼w¨}µ½¤ñ较²½ªÁ礼仪§ó­«­n¡A¯Ê¥F¹D¼w¤ä«ùªº礼仪¬OªÅ¯B无®Ä¡C¦ó¦èªü书¥D­n¬O¥Î诗ºq¤åÊ^ªí达¯«ªº启¥Ü¡A«ö¦P义¥­¦æ¥yªº¤è¦¡¡A¤U¥y¸Ñ释¤W¥y¡A¡u³ß爱认识¯«¡AÐ`¤_êO²½¡v¡A¤W¥yªº¤£³ß爱²½¯ªªº¡u¤£¡v¡A¬Ûµ¥¤_¡uÐ`¡v¤_êO²½¡A¥i见这¤D¤ñ较ªº¥yªk¡C请参­ð¦ö¤§¦ó¦èªü书ª`释¡]¤Ñ¹D¡A1984¡^ pp.142. 144; 陈终¹D¡A¦ó¦èªü书讲义¡]¤Ñ¹D¡A1981¡^ pp.67-68.

 

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«e­±§Ú们说过§Q¥¼记¬O¤@¥»¤Q¤Àª`­«ªk«ßªº经¨å¡A¥¦¬Æ¦Ü¤_从头¦Ü§À©Ò讨论记载ªº¡A³£¬OÉOªk«ß¦³关ªº东¦è¡A«Ü¤Ö¯A¤Î历¥vªº题§÷¡C§Ú们³£©Ó认¥@¬É没¦³¤@条¤H为ªºªk«ß¬O¤@¦¨¤£变ªº¡A¥¦¥²须­n随ú¦时¥N«e进¡A¤S¥²须«ö·Ó时¥Nªº§ï变©Mºt进¡A针对时¥Nªº»Ý­n¡B环¹Òªº变迁¡A¦Ó¥[¥H­×¥¿¡B§ï­²¡B删°£©Î¥[²K¡FÉO¤H们¥Í¬¡¦³ú¦±K¤Á关¨tªº©v±Ð礼仪ªk«ß§ó¬O¦p¦¹¡A¥¦¥²须­n¤é·s¤ëÉݪº¥[¥H§ïµ½¡AÉO时­Ñ进¡AÉO环¹Òºt进¡C¤j¤½±Ð会内许¦hªk«ß条¤åªº­×¥¿¡A¥H¤Î礼仪¤¤许¦h礼规ªººt变¡A¤£¬O«Ü¦nªº¨Ò¤l吗¡H谁¤]ª¾¹D¡A¥H¦â¦C¥Á¦b旷³¥¤¤ªº¥Í¬¡环¹Ò¡AÉO进Éo¦a¦Zªº©w©~¥Í¬¡¡A¬O¤jÉݨä½ì¡A­~µM¤£¦Pªº¡C¨äªk«ß条¤å¦]¦¹¦³©Ò§ó§ï¡A¤S¦³¬Æ¤\¥i­È±oÕa©_ªº©O¡H¤£过§Ú们­nª¾¹D¡A©v±Ð·q礼¤Wªº§ï­²©Mºt变¡A¤j³¡¬O¥~ªí§Î¦¡¤Wªººt变¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¨ä©T¦³¥»质ªº§ï变¡A¤£µM¨ä©v±Ð¤§¥»¨­¤]­n§ï变¡A¦Ó¤£¦A¬O­ì来¤W¥D©Ò启¥Üªº©v±Ð¤F¡C82

 

79 ƒ°ƒÞƒuƒÑƒ« 这¦rÉO¤Q诫¤£¥i¦l²]¬O¦P¤@§Æ§B来¤å¦r¡C

80 ¥Î¥Û头¥´¦ºªº¸o¦æ¥]¬A«ô°¸¹³¨¸¯«¡]¥Ó¤Q¤T10-11¡A¤Q¤C5-8¡^¡A亵渎¯«ªº¦W¡]§Q¤Ü¥|14¡B23¡^¡A亵渎¦w®§¤é¡]¥Á¤Q¤­35-36¡^¡AÊÞ°f¤£§µ¡]¥Ó¤Ü¤@21¡^¡C¦¹¥~¡A贪¨úÉo·µ财ª«¤Î°dŽg§g¤ý¡A®ÚÕu书¤C25¤Î¤ý¤W¤Ü¤@10¡A¤]应¥Î¥Û头¥´¦º¡C

81 M. Greenberg, "Some Postulates of Biblical Criminal Law", Y. Kaufmann Jibilee Volume(ed. M. Haran; Jerusalem: Magnes, 1960) pp.5-28; E.M. Good, "Capital Punishment and its Alternative in Ancient Near Eastern Law", Stanford Law Review 19(1967) pp.947-977.

82 ¦Ø¥¼纪释义¡]«ä°ªÉo经学会¡A1985¡^ p.8.¤å¤¤­Y¤z¤Ñ¥D±Ðªº¦W词©M½译¡A为¤è«K读ªÌ¡A§ï为°ò·þ±Ð惯±`¦r¥y¡C

 

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§Q¥¼记ªº«ß¨Ò¡A¤×¨ä¬O献²½·q«ôªº礼仪¡A¦ü¥G°£¤F¼¯¦è时¥N¥~¡A¥H¦Z¥@¥N³£¤£¯à§¹¥þ«ö«ßªk¤å¥y¥þ³¡实¦æ¡A¦ý这个应¥Îªº§x难却¤£骚Êð历¥Nªº«H®{¡C¦b旧约­¡¶°¥¿¨åªº过µ{¤¤¡A83¥ý贤²@无犹ºÃ¦a将¥j旧¤[远¡B¬Æ¦Ü¤@¨Ç¤w经变¦¨谜团ªº¦r辞¡]¨Ò¦p¤L个·ò疯ªº¦r词¡Aªü¼»泻°Çµ¥¡^©M经¤w§ó变ªº礼仪¤Î习惯«O¦s¤U来¡C¬Æ¦Ü¦b¥D¦Z70¦~¤§¦Z¡A²Ä¤G个Éo·µ³Q罗马军毁灭¡A¼¯¦è献²½«ß¨Ò©ú显¤w无ªk实¦æ¡A§Q¥¼记¤´µM¬O犹¤Ó¤HÌå­«­nªº经¨å¡A犹¤Ó±Ð613条诫«ß¤¤ªº247(Gen. Rabbah 3:5)¬O®ÚÕu§Q¥¼记¨î订¡A84¦b¥L¦Õ¥Ø(Talmud)¤¤¤]¦³®t¤£¦h¦P样ªº¦Ê¥÷¤ñ¨ú§÷§Q¥¼记¥[¥H发挥¡C°£¦¹¥H¥~¡A«ö犹¤Ó±Ðªº传统¡A¤Iµ£¦b学®Õ学习ªº²Ä¤@¨÷书´N¬O§Q¥¼记(Lev. Rabbah 7:3)¡C¤j约¦b¥D¦Z²Ä¤G¥@纪开©l¡A犹¤Ó±Ðªº±Ð师85(Tannaim)´N称§Q¥¼记为¨º¤@¥»书\cs16(Sifra)¡A¦Ü¤_¥Á数记¤Î¥Ó©R记¥u称¨ä¥¦ªº书(Sifrei)¡C86

 

¨ä实²Ä¤GÉo·µ³Q毁¤§«e¡A犹¤Ó«H®{¤w强调§Q¥¼记ªº应¥Î¡A«D«ö¤å¥y¡A¦Ó¥¿¦p«O罗©Ò说¡A¥²须«öºë·N¡A礼仪显¥Ü¤ß灵¹Ò况¤Î¤HÉO¯«ªº«H¥õ关¨t¡C®t¤£¦hÉO­C稣¦P时ªºÔÚ罗(Philo)¡A87´N¬O¥H¶H©º¸Ñ§Q¥¼记©v±Ð礼仪ªºªíªíªÌ¡A¨Ò¦p论¤Î献²½ªº¬¹¯b¡A¥L«ü¥X¥u¦³®a¯b³Ì¬X顺ªº³¶鸟¤~¦X¥G标­ã¡A¦}¥B¥²须¬O没¦³·å²«¡A这¨Ç条¥ó¶H©º献²½ªÌ¥²须¨­¤ß°·¥þ¡A¬O¯«®a¨½ªº¤H¡A¦}¥B¤ß¦s顺ªA¤~±o»X悦纳¡F88犹¤Ó¤H¥²须净¤Æ±¡绪©M脱°£恶习¡A亲ªñ²½坛¤~¦³·N义¡A89¦Ó恶¤H§Y¨Ï«ö¨¬礼仪献¤W¤d¦Ê²½ª«¡A¤´为¯«©Ò©Ú¡C90¤Î¦ÜÉo·µ³Q毁¡A·q«ô礼仪当µM无ªk«ö§Q¥¼记条¤å¿í¦u¡A¶H©º´N¦¨¤F¥D­nªº¸Ñ释³~径¡Aºë¬ã«ßªk(Torah)´N¬O献²½ªº·N义¡A91¨Ò¦p©Ô¤ñ强调²½ªÁ规条显¥Ü¯«ÉO¨ü­¢®`ªÌ¦P¦b¡A¤û³Q狮¤l°l杀¡A¤s¦Ï³Q°\°l¡A¦Ï却¬O¯T猎ª«¡A©Ò¥H¯«§h©J¡G¡u¤£¥i献¤W°l杀¤Hªº¡A¥u¥i献¤W³Q压­¢ªº¡C¡v92³¶鸟连¦Ð¤ò¤@¦P献¤W¡A¶H©º穷¤H¤£³QÂÆ视¡A©Ò¥H¥Lªº²½«~©ñ¦b坛«e¡A¬O¥R满¬ü丽ªº¦â±m¡F93盐¬O¯À²½¤£¥i¯Ê¤Ö¤§ª«¡Aªí¥Ü¨ü­Wªº¹D¼w·N义¡A¯àÏ¡净¤H©M¨Ï¸o±o³j¡C94

 

¤¤国«H®{«ö旧约©w义¡A¬O¥~¨¹¤H¡A没¦³犹¤Ó¤H¦å统¡A¦ÛµM¤£¥²继©Ó犹¤Ó传统¡A况¥B处¨­·s约时¥N¡A当µM¤£会«ö§Q¥¼记ªº礼仪条¤å§@为·q«ô¼Ò¦¡¡C虽µM§Æ§B来Éo经¦}没¦³¶H©º©Îªí记这¦W词¡A95°q宝灵(F.E.Gaebelein)«ü¥X¡A¶H©º/ªí记¦b旧约©M·s约¨½³£¦³­«­n¦ì¸m¡A§Æ§B来¤åªº记号¡]ƒäƒçƒßƒ¿ƒÑ ~o^th¨Ò¦p创¤@14¡A¤E13¡^¡A©_¨Æ¡]ƒnƒäƒÀƒÕƒçƒ¿ƒÝƒnmo^pe{th¨Ò¦pÒ­¤G30¡^实¦b¬Oªí©ºªº·N«ä¡A·s约ªº¯«迹¡]ƒãƒØƒÝƒÕƒÙƒßƒÞ  se{meion¡^°ò¥»´N¬O记号¤§·N¡A¥]¬A¶H©º/ªí记ªº§t·N¡C96©Ò¥H°ò·þ±ÐªºÉo经学ªÌ¦b¸Ñ释§Q¥¼记©v±Ð礼仪ªº经¤å¡A¤Ö¤£§K运¥Î¶H©ºªº¸Ñ释¡A¦Ó¨Æ实¤W¡A¼¯¦è启¥Ü¦³关·q«ôªº¦r词¡A´N¦p会¹õ°£¤F¬O帐¹õ¡]ƒÜƒØƒzƒÑƒß  ~o{hel¡^¥~¡A§ó称为©~©Ò¡]ƒnƒ°ƒ»ƒ«ƒæƒÍƒÝƒÙ Mishka{n¡^¡A¥Î当时¤H±`¥Îªº©~¦í¤è¦¡¡A¶H©º¯«ªº¦P¦b¡A©Ò¥HÉo·µ¤S称为­C©M华ªº®a( ƒØƒêƒØƒéƒnƒäƒéƒ²ƒÕ be^th-yahweh)¡A¤ª¬Wªº¥h¯d¤D¯««ü¤Þªºªí记µ¥¡A97¥i见¬ã¨s§Q¥¼记ªº¤@个¤èªk¡A´N¬O«ä·Q·q«ôµ{§Ç©Îª««~©Òªí达ªº¶H©º§t·N¡C98

 

83 R.K. Harrison, Introduction to the Old Testament, pp.260-288; W.S. La Sor, Old Testament Survey(Eerdmans, 1982) pp.17-25; B.S. Childs, Introduction to the Old Testament As Scripture(Fortress, 1982) pp.27-83; E.J. Young, "The Canon of the Old Testament", in C.F. H Henry ed., Revelation and the Bible(Baker, 1958), pp.153-185; P.R. Ackroyd, "Original Text and Canonical Text", Union Seminary Quarterly Review 32(1977): 166-172; R.C. Newman, "The Council of Jamnia and the Old Testament Canon", WTJ38(1975): 319-349; ¦ã°ò·s¡A旧约·§论¡App.75-97.

84 Milgrom, "Book of Leviticus", p.138. 613条诫©R内¤å¤Î经¤å参A.H. Rabi. nowitz, "The 613 Comments" Encycl. Jud. 5: 760-783.

85 Tannaim¬O¥D¦Z20¦Ü200¦~时´Á负责¼¶写ª`¸Ñ犹¤Ó传统Mishnahªº学ªÌ¡C参D. Sperber, "Tannaim", Encycl. Jud. 15: 798-803.

86 ¦Pª`84.

87 ¦³关´´罗ªº«ä·Q¡A参阅经¨å¤§§@J.Drummond Philo Judaeus, 2 vols.(London: Williams & Norgate, 1888)©MH.A. Wolfson, Philo 2 vols(Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1947). 较简单却¥i¾aªº总论¦³S.G. Sowers, The Hermeneutics of Philo and Hebrews, (Richmond: John Knox, 1965)

88 Specialibus Legibus: 112-256.

89 166-167, 257.

90 271.

91 cf. Lev. Rabbah 7; Childs, Introduction to OT As Scripture pp.187-188

92 Lev. Rabbah. 27:5.

93 Lev. RAbbah. 3: 5.

94 Ber. 5a.

95 ­^¤åsymbol·½¦Û§ÆÛK¤åƒãƒåƒÞƒÒƒßƒÜƒßƒÞ ¡A这¦r没¦³¦b·s约¥X现¡C

96 E.F. Gaebelein, "Symbolism, Symbol", ZPEB V: 551.

97 Milton S. Terry, Biblical Hermeneutics, (1880, Zondervan, reprinted 1974) pp.359-368给¤©会¹õ©M¨äª««~ºë±mªº¶H©º¸Ñ释¡C

98 ¶H©ºªº¸Ñ释ªk请参阅Terry, ibid, pp.347-368; Berkeley Mickelsen, Interpreting The Bible pp.265-279; 兰©i¡A°ò·þ±Ð释经学¡App.214-220.

 

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虽µM旧约没¦³©úÚ̪º说©ú¡A礼仪¨ã¦³预ªíªº·N义¡A¦ý´N¦p¥ô¦ó旧约¤Hª«¡B¨Æ±¡ªº预ªí¡A¥H¦â¦C¤H¦b¯«ªº启¥Ü¤¤领®©¡A¤@¨Ç¦b¯««ü©w将来ªº时间¤~¹ü显ªº±Ð训¡C¦]为·s约²M·¡´£¨ì旧约礼仪ªº预ªí©Ê¡A©Ò¥H¥i¥H¬Û«H¼¯¦è©M旧约«H®{¡A§Y¨Ï¼ÒÝí¤£²M¡A总会认识¥L们举¦æªº礼仪¤D¬O预ªí¡C

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论¨ì¼¯¦è«ßªkªº礼仪¡A§@ªÌ说¡G¡u¥L们¬x©^ªº¨Æ¡A¥»¬O¤Ñ¤W¨Æªº§Î状©M¼v¹³¡A¥¿¦p¼¯¦è将­n³y帐¹õªº时­Ô¡A»X¯«Õa§Ù¥L说¡G§A­n谨·V¡A§@¦U样ªº对¶H¡A³£­n·Óú¦¦b¤s¤W«ü¥Ü§Aªº样¦¡¡C¡v¡]¤K5¡^这节Éo经¤¤¡A¥X现¤F¤T个预ªíªº¦r辞¡G§Î状¡B¼v¹³©M样¦¡¡C¤¤¤å¦ü¥G¬O«ü¤£¨ã实Ê^ªº视觉´º¶H¡A¦ý§ÆÛK­ì¤å却¤£¬O这样¡C§Î¹³( ƒåƒºƒàƒßƒÔƒÕƒÙƒ×ƒÝƒÑ hupodeigma)¬O¤@Ïú标¥Ü¡A©Î¥Nªí¡B图§Î¡B¥é¦L¡B样«~¡F100¼v¹³( ƒãƒÛƒÙƒÑ skia)¬O¥Ñ帐´×¡] ƒãƒÛƒØƒÞƒØ ske{ne{¡^¤Þ¦ù¥X来¡A·N«ä¬O¯ó图¡B³t写图画¡B轮¹ø¡B§ë®g图¡F101样¦¡ªº§ÆÛK¤å¤D ƒäƒåƒàƒßƒp Tupos´N¬O­^¤åtype这¦rªº¦r®Ú¡C¤¤¤å¤@¯ë将这¦r½译§@预ªí¡A·N«ä¬O¨Æ实¥½¥X现©Î发¥Í¤§«eªº预¥ýªí达¡A¬O预§i(prediction)ªº¤@Ïú¡A102©Ò¥H兰©iªí¥Ü¡A预ªí¬O预¨¥ªº¶H©ºªí记¡v¡A103©Î¬O¼w¸Å孙(A.B.Davidson)说ªº¡G¡u预ªí¤D预¨¥ªº¤@Ïú¡C¡v104¥i±¤这个¤¤¤å½译¤£¤j¥¿ÚÌ¡A¦}¥B¤Þ­P¤@¯ë«H®{对旧约¡A¤×¨ä¬O礼仪产¥Í«Ü¦h°¾®tªº观©À¡C¨ä实 ƒäƒåƒàƒßƒpƒå typos´N¦n¹³­^¤åªºtype¦rªº·N«ä¡A105¬O¨è¥X来ªº²ª¡A¥´¦¨ªº图§Î¡B¦L²ª¡B¨Ò证¡B¼Ò«¬¡B类«¬ªº·N«ä¡A²@无预§iªº§t·N¡C106§Æ§B来书这节Éo经¬O¤Þ¥Î¥X¤Ü¤­40¡A该处¤C¤Q¤h译¥»¥Hƒäƒåƒàƒßƒpƒå ƒ¯ƒ¯107来½译§Æ§B来¤åªº ƒäƒéƒÞƒ¹ƒÛƒíƒÄƒÕƒnƒÌƒítabn|^th¡A·N«ä¬O¼Ò«¬¡C108来¤E25¡B28两¦¸说°ò·þªºªÙ©R±Ï赎¤£¹³©Î¹³¤j²½¥qªº献²½¡A¥i见§Q¥¼记ªº献²½仪¦¡¬O¤@个±Ï®¦¼Ò¦¡¡A¥i§@·s约时¥N­C稣ªº±Ï赎¤u§@¤ñ较¡C©Ò¥H¯«¦b¦è¤D¤s给¼¯¦èªº«ü¥Ü¡A¦}«D让¥L¦b脑®ü·Q¶H¤¤¯B现¥X会¹õªº观©À¡A¦Ó¬O¦³实ª«ªº§Î¹³让¼¯¦è观¬Ý¡A109µM¦Z¥L¥Î¥H¦â¦C©Ò¯à·Q¶H©M¤F¸Ñªº¶H©º将¥¦ªí达¥X来¡C当µM¼¯¦è见¨ìªº¤£¬OÉO¦a¤W¤@¼Ò¤@样ªº«Øµ®ª«¡A¦Ó¬O¯«¥Î视§v±Ð§÷¡A§Î®e¨º个无ªk´y­zªº荣Ä£¡C

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µy¦Z§@ªÌ总结·s旧·q«ô说¡G¡u·Óú¦¤Ñ¤W样¦¡( ƒåƒºƒàƒßƒÔƒÕƒÙƒ×ƒÝƒÑ hupodeigma)§@ªº对¶H¡A¥²须¥Î这¨Ç²½ª«¥hÏ¡净¡C¦ý¨º¤Ñ¤Wªº¥»ª«¡A¦ÛµM当¥Î§ó¬ü²½ª«¥hÏ¡净¡A¦]为°ò·þ¦}¤£¬O进¤F¤H¤â©Ò³yªºÉo©Ò¡C¡]这¤£过¬O¯uÉo©Òªº¼v¹³¡^¤D¬O进¤F¤Ñ°ó¡C¦p¤µ为§Ú们显¦b¯«­±«e¡C¡v¡]¤E23-24¡^¼v¹³ªº§ÆÛK¤å¬O ƒÑƒÚƒÞƒäƒÙƒäƒåƒàƒßƒp antitupos­^¤å³q±`­µ译为anti-type¡A·N«ä¬O¤Ï击¡B¦^­µ¡B¤Ï®g¡B¼Ò¨îª«¡B对称ª«¡A112´N¬O¼¯¦è¦b¤s¤W©Ò见ªº样¦¡¡]¤K5¡^¡C¼v¹³ÉO样¦¡应该¬O¦P义词¡A说©ú旧Éo©Ò¬O¤Ñ¤W¯u会¹õªº¼Ò«¬¡C¸òú¦¡A§@ªÌ¤S说¡G¡u«ßªk¬J¬O将来¬ü¨Æªº¼v¤I¡A¤£¬O¥»ª«ªº¯u¹³¡A总¤£¯àÂÇú¦¨C¦~±`献¤@样ªº²½ª«¡A¥s¨ºªñ«e来ªº¤H±o¥H§¹¥þ¡C¡v¡]¤Q1¡^¼v¤I( ƒãƒÛƒÙƒÑ skia)ÉO¯u¹³¡] ƒÕƒÙƒæƒÛƒçƒÞ eiko{n¡^ªº¤ñ较¡A´N¦p画®aªº¯ó图轮¹ø¤ñ较画¦n¤Fªº画¹³¡C«ßªk¡A¥]¬A·q«ô礼仪¬O¯«±Ï®¦ªº¯ó图¡A¦Ó­C稣°ò·þ¹D¦¨¦×¨­¡A§¹¦¨¤F¯«±Ï®¦ªº画¹³¡A将¤H¤£¯à见ªº¯«荣Ä£¬¡现¥X来¡]约¤@18¡^¡C³z过§Æ§B来书§@ªÌ²`¨èªº阐释¡A旧约·q«ô礼仪ªº预ªí©Ê©ú显¥i见¡C¤U图©Î许¥i§U将¤W­z§Æ§B来书©Ò´£¤Î¡A会¹õ¤Î礼仪ªº预ªí观©À¤¶绍¡G

 

99 ·s约§ÆÛK¤å¦³两个¦r½译为¯u ƒÑƒÚƒÜƒØƒáƒØ ¬O虚°²ªº¬Û¤Ï  ƒÑƒÚƒÜƒØƒáƒÙƒÞƒßƒp 则¬O纯¯u¡A¬OÉO¦³·å²«ªº¤ñ较¡A参Trench, Synonyms of the New Testament, pp.26-30; cf Bultmann "  ƒÑƒæƒÜƒØƒáƒÙƒÞƒßƒæƒp ", TDNT I: 249-250; F.F. Bruce, The Epistle To The Hebrews, p.163.

100 ·s译¥»¡B现¥N¤¤¤å译¥»¡G°Æ¥»¡F吕®¶¤¤¡G¥é¥»¡F萧静¤s¡G图¹³¡F«ä°ª¡G¼Ò«¬¡C这¤L个§ÆÛK¦r©M¦X¥»¦U¦³¤L个¤£¦PªºÂ½译¡A请参陈终¹D«ç样¬ã读Éo经¡]¤¤«H¡A1980¡^ pp.184-185.

101 兰©i¡AÉo经¸Ñ释学¡]Î`兴团«´¥Xª©³¡¡A1959¡^ p.183.

102 ¨Ò¦p´^¤Ú顿着黄汉´Ë译旧约¯«学¡]Ïú¬ó¡A1987¡^ p.451¡A旧约ªº预¨¥¤@¯ë¥i¤À为两类¡A说话ªº¤Î¦æ动ªº¡C¦æ动ªº预¨¥¤S¤À实ª«ªº±Ð§÷ÉO预ªí¡C实ª«±Ð§÷¬O¨Æ¥ó¦Û©ú¡]©Î©ö©ú¡^ªº预¨¥¡A¨ä应验¥ç¬Û¶Z¤£远¡F预ªí则ÉO¯«¦b较远¤§将来¤~¦¨´Nªº±Ï®¦¦³关¡C

103 °ò·þ±Ð释经学¡Ap.212.

104 Old Testament Prophecy, p.210.

105 Webster Dictionary¨Ñ给ªº¸Ñ释¬O: "The mark, or impression of something; a distinctive, stamp, sign, emblem; a figure or representation of something to come; a token, sign, symbols. The general character, form, or structure common to a number of individuals and distinguishing them as a class, group or kind; '±ç实¬î¥D编³Ì·s实¥Î­^汉辞¨å¡]远东图书¤½¥q¡A1968¡^ p.2215ªºÂ½译¬O¡G«¬¡B«¬¦¡¡B样¦¡¡B类«¬¡B¨å«¬¡B¼Ò­S¡Bªí²v¡B¥Nªíª«¡B标¥»¡C

106 Goppelt, " ƒäƒåƒàƒßƒp " TDNT VIII: 246-259; H. Mu/ller, "Type, Pattern", DNTT 3: 903-907.

107 ¾ã¥»旧约¤C¤Q¤h译¥»¥u¥Î两¦¸ƒäƒåƒàƒßƒp ¡A¥t¤@处¬O¼¯¤­26ªº°¸¹³¡A¥i见¦­´Á犹¤Ó¤H¤ß¤¤¡Aƒäƒåƒàƒßƒp ¦}没¦³预¨¥ªº§t·N¡C

108 吕®¶¤¤译¥»¡C这§Æ§B来¤å¬O«ü«Øµ®ª«©ÎÀJ¨è¡C

109 ¤júÒ筹¦E兴«ØÉo·µ时说¡G¡u这¤@¤Á¤u§@ªº样¦¡¡]  ƒäƒéƒÞƒ¹ƒÛƒíƒÄƒÕ §Y¼¯¦è©Ò见ªº«ü¥Ü¡^¡A³£¬O­C©M华¥Î¤â¦E¥X来¡A¨Ï§Ú©ú¥Õªº¡C¡v¡]¥N¤W¤Ü¤K19¡^¡A¥i见样¦¡¬O¤@¥ó实ª«¡A¥i¨Ñ参观¡C

110 Hauch, "  ƒàƒÑƒâƒÑƒÒƒßƒÜƒØ  ", TDNT V: 744-761; C.H. Peisker & C. Brown, "Parable, Allegory, Proverb", DNTT 2: 743-756.

111 ®¶兴ªº§ÆÛK¤å ƒÔƒÙƒßƒâƒæƒáƒçƒp diorthosis·N«ä­×ª½¡B­«¾ã¡B·s¨î«×¡F·s译¥»¡G§ó·s¡F吴终ºµ¡G­²·s¡C

112 参ª`106.

 

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²Ä¤G点¸Ñ释预ªí应ª`·Nªº¨Æ项¡A´N¬O°£¤F旧约预ªí历¥v¥­­±©Ê(horizontal)«ü¦V·s约应验ªº实Ê^¥~¡A¤]¤£¥i©¿²¤««ª½线(vertical)将¤Ñ¤W属灵ªº¯uÊ^ªí¹ü¡C¥¿¦p盖¥H¥Í(Walter C. Kaiser, Jr)ªº·N见¡G

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¥Ñ¦¹¬Ý来¡A旧约会¹õ¤Î礼仪¡A¤£单¬O历¥v©Êªº预ªí¡A¦b°ò·þ¤Î±Ð会·q«ô¤¤应验¡A¦P时¤]¬O¤Ñ¤Wªº预ªí¡A¬O¦b¥D¦A来«e¶W¶V时ªÅªº属灵­ì则¡A¬O¯«计¦E¤Þ导«H®{¦¨´NÍ¢国«×ªº¦®·N¡C©Ò¥H¬ã读§Q¥¼记ªº预ªí¡A°£¤F寻¯Á·s约¦p¦ó说©ú¦b°ò·þ¥Í¥­©M·s约±Ð会¤¤应验¡A§ó±o认识¯«³z过旧约礼义¡A启¥Ü¤@¨Ç¬Æ¤\¥ÃùÚªº¯u²z­ì则¡A¦¨为现¥N«H®{寻¨D¯«ªº«ü¤Þ¡C¨f®³弥(John W. Drane)ªº评语¥i§@为这个预ªí­«点ªº总结¡G

§Ú们¥i¥H对ªñ¥N讨论这题¥Øªº±¡况ªí¥Ü¤@¨Ç¤£满·N¡C©Ò谓ªº旧约¡u预ªí¡v¡A°ò¥»¦}«D«ü历¥v¨Æ±¡®ÚÕu¤@个¤w©w«¬ªº节«µ¥[¥H¤ñ较¡A¦]为¥ýª¾´y­z应许ÉO应验ªº¤ñ较¡A¦}«D为§Ú们ª`释历¥v¡A¦Ó¬O«Å讲¯«¦Û¤vªº©Ê®æ¡C对历¥v¦}¤£¦s§t¯«¯µ¦â±mªº¸Ñ释¡C¬Û¤Ï¦a¡A¥¿¦p¥vµÞµn(J.D. Smart)ªº论点¡G¡y¥ýª¾ª¾¹D¯«将­n¬I¦æªº§@为¡A¦]为¥L认识¯«¬O«ç样ªº¡K¡K¥u«öú¦¯«从°_ªì´N拟©w¤@¤Á¨Æ±¡¤§¾ã盘计¦E来预¨¥©M应验ªº观©À¡A§¹¥þ违¤Ï¤F¥ýª¾满¦³动¤Oªº«H©À¡G历¥v¤D连¦êªº¾D¹J¡A¤£断­n¨D¤H¦b¥Í©R©Î¦º¤`ªº两条¥i¯à¹D¸ô¤¤选择¥h¦V¡C¡z117·s约¤]®ÚÕu¦P样¸ô线¥Î旧约¡CµM¦Ó¥[ªG§Ú们称©I这Ïú­«·sª`释为预ªí¡A§Ú们实¦b开©l­«·s¬É©w这¦r辞¡A¦]为¤j¦h¤H¥H为预ªí¬O类¦ü´J·N(quasiallegorical)¸Ñ释ªk¡A师©Ó¦­´Á±Ð¤÷¤Î¥L们ªº门¥Íªº¤è¦¡¡C118

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113 F. Fouke, The Acts of God, (London: Tyndale, 1958) p.35; 预ªíªº历¥v©Ê¬O¤j¦h数释经学ªÌ强调ªº预ªí­n¯À¡F参Leonhard Goppelt, TYPOS, (Eerdmans, 1982) pp.1-20; E.E. Ellis, "How The New Testament Uses The Old", in I.H. Marshall ed., New Testament Interpretation, (Eerdmans, 1977) pp.210-212; Walter C. Kaiser, Jr., "The Uses of The Old Testament", in the New, (Moody, 1985) pp.103-121; A.B. Mickelsen, Interpreting The Bible, pp.236-246; 兰©i¡A°ò·þ±Ð释经学¡App.203-214; G. von Rdd, "Typological Interpretation of The Old Testament", in Claus Westermann ed., Essays On OT Hermeneutics, (John Knox, 1963) pp.17-39; John W. Drane, "Typology", Evangelical Quarterly 50(1978): 195-210; John Goldingay, Approaches to Old Testament Interpretation, (IVP, 1981) pp.97-122 µ¥¡C

114 R.T. France, Jesus and The Old Testament, (IVP, 1971) pp.40-41.

115 Charles Hummel, "The Old Testament Basis of Typological Interpretation", Bible Research 9(1964): 19-20; Richard M. Davidson, Typology in Scripture: A Study of Hermeneutical Tupos Structure, (Berrin Springs, Mich.: (Andrews U., 1981) pp.99-100; 191.

116 Kaiser, The Use of The Old Testament in the New, (Moody, 1985) p.111.

117 J.D. Smart, The Interpretation of Scripture, (Westminister, 1961) p.104.

118 J.W. Drane, "Typology", p.206.

119 ¬f²ü¤Ò¡A释经学­ì²z¡]®û会¡A1967¡^ pp.143-144.

 

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120 §Q¤@2¡A¥|2¡B13¡A¤C23¡B29¡B34¡B36¡B38¡A¤E1¡B3¡A¤Q6¡B11¡B14¡A¤Q¤@2¡A¤Q¤G2¡A¤Q¤­2¡B31¡A¤Q¤»5¡B16¡B17¡B19¡B21¡B34¡A¤Q¤C2¡B3¡B5¡B8¡B10¡B12¡B13¡B14¡A¤Q¤K2¡A¤Q¤E2¡A¤Ü2¡A¤Ü¤@24¡A¤Ü¤G2¡B3¡B15¡B18¡B32¡A¤Ü¤T2¡B10¡B24¡B34¡B42¡B43¡B44¡A¤Ü¥|2¡B8¡B10¡B15¡B23¡A¤Ü¤­2¡B33¡B46¡B55¡A¤Ü¤»\cs1546¡A¤Ü¤C2¡B34¡C

121 ¨Ò¦p¥D±Ð团礼仪©e员会编译弥¼»经书总论¡]¥x¥_¡G±Ð务协进会¡A1982¡^; Max Thurian & Geoffrey Waimwright, Baptism and Eucharist: Ecumenical Convergence in Celebration, (World Council of Churches, 1983)

122 这§Æ§B来¤åƒÔƒ×ƒÞ ·N«ä¬O«Å§i©Î©Ó认¡A¦b«H¥õªº内®e¡A´N¬O认«H¡A©À诵«H条¡C©Ò¥H这¦r¤¤¤åªºÂ½译还¦³¡u­z说¡v¡B¡u应许¡v¡B¡u传扬¡v¡B¡u«Å扬¡v¡B¡u陈说¡v¡B¡u声©ú¡v¡B¡u©Ó认¡vµ¥«Å§i«H¥õªº¦æ动¡C

123 过¥h¤@个¥@纪诗½g¬ã¨sªº¨ä¤¤¤@个课题¡A´N¬O诗½gªº¡u§Ú¡v¬O个¤H·P¨üªº§ç发¡A§í©Î¬O¡u团Ê^¤@­P¡v(corporate solidarity)ªº¤½众·q«ô¡Ccf. R.E. Clements, A Century of Old Testament Study, (Revised Edition)(Lutterworth Press, 1976) pp.100-103; H. Gunkel认为¡u§Ú¡v¬O个¤H¡A¦Ó¥Lªº学¥ÍE. Bella§ó¥[将这观©À发扬¡A强调诗½g绝¤j³¡¥÷为¨p¤H灵­×¡Ccf. Hermann Gunkel, The Psalms: A Form Critical Introduction, (Fortress, 1967) pp.15-17; E. Bella, Das Ich der Psalmen, (FRLANT, 16)Go/ttingen, 1912µM¦ÓGunkel¤]«ü¥X许¦h诗½g¤D为团Ê^·q«ô¡C对¡u§Ú¡vªº¬Ýªk¡AMowinckel却¬O¬Û¤Ï¡A强调诗½g°£¤FÌå¤Ö数ªº¨Ò¥~¡]诗¤@¡A¤@¤@¤G¡A¤@¤G¤C¡^¡A¥]¬A©Ò谓个¤H«s¨D诗¡A³£¬O为Éo·µ礼仪¦Ó编写¡Ccf.Sigmund Mowinkel, The Psalms in Israel's Worship, vol. 1(Abingdon, 1962) pp.22ff. B.S. Childs, ¤]¦P·N诗½gªº¡u§Ú¡v实¦b¬O团Ê^ªº¥Nªí¡A§Y©Î写§@时Ê䦳¤@点¨p¤Hªº经历©M·P¨ü¡A写¦¨©Î编¤J诗½g时¡A²@无ºÃ问¬O¦³ú¦团Ê^·q«ôªº¥Øªº¡CB.S.CHilds, Introduction to The Old Testament as Scripture, pp.519-520. ¨Ò¦p²Ä¤T¤Q½g内¤å虽¤@ª½³£¬O¡u§Ú¡v¡A¦ý诗题©ú¨¥¤D为¡u¤júÒ¦b献·µ时§@这诗ºq¡v¡A¤S¦³¤£¤Ö诗½g¦n¹³²Ä¤Ü¤G½g¨º样¡A从¡u§Ú¡v开©l¡AµM¦Z´N转¡u§A们¡v¡B¡u§Ú们¡v©Î¡u¥L们¡v¡C

124 ­C稣³Ì¦Z±ßÀ\ªº¬ã¨s¡A请参阅I. Howard Marshall, The Last Supper and Lord's Supper, Eerdman, 1980; Alfred Edersheim, The Temple: Its Ministry and Service As They Were At The Time of Jesus Christ, reprinted, (Eerdmans 1958), pp.208-248.

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